Identify each substance as an acid or a base and write a chemical equation showing how it is an acid or a base according to the Arrhenius definition. a. HNO3(aq) b. NH4+(aq) d. HC2H3O2(aq)
Ch.16 - Acids and Bases
Chapter 16, Problem 50b,c
Calculate [H3O+] and [OH–] for each solution at 25 °C. b. pH = 11.23 c. pH = 2.87
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
pH Scale
The pH scale measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is considered neutral, while values below 7 indicate acidity and values above 7 indicate basicity. The pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration, [H+], in a solution, which is crucial for determining the concentration of hydronium ions, [H3O+].
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Ion Product of Water (Kw)
The ion product of water, Kw, is the equilibrium constant for the self-ionization of water, defined as Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10^-14 at 25 °C. This relationship allows us to calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions, [OH-], when the concentration of hydronium ions, [H3O+], is known, and vice versa. Understanding Kw is essential for solving problems involving pH and pOH.
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Hydronium and Hydroxide Ion Concentrations
In aqueous solutions, the concentrations of hydronium ions, [H3O+], and hydroxide ions, [OH-], are inversely related due to the ion product of water. For a basic solution, like one with a pH of 11.23, [H3O+] will be lower than 1.0 x 10^-7 M, while [OH-] will be higher than 1.0 x 10^-7 M. Calculating these concentrations is essential for understanding the solution's properties and behavior.
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In each reaction, identify the Brønsted–Lowry acid, the Brønsted–Lowry base, the conjugate acid, and the conjugate base. a. H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + HCO3–(aq) c. HNO3(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + NO3–(aq)
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