Textbook Question
At 273 K and 1 atm pressure, 1 mol of an ideal gas occupies 22.4 L. (Section 10.4) (c) In which parts of the atmosphere would you expect gases to behave most ideally (ignoring any photochemical reactions)? [Section 18.1]
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Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment
Chapter 18, Problem 9a
(a) What is the primary basis for the division of the atmosphere into different regions?
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Atmospheric Layers
The atmosphere is divided into distinct layers based on temperature gradients and composition. The primary layers include the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Each layer has unique characteristics, such as temperature changes with altitude and the presence of specific gases, which influence weather patterns and climate.
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08:52
Acid-Base Extraction
Temperature Gradient
The temperature gradient refers to the change in temperature with altitude in the atmosphere. In the troposphere, temperature decreases with height, while in the stratosphere, it increases due to the absorption of ultraviolet radiation by ozone. This gradient is crucial for understanding atmospheric stability and the behavior of weather systems.
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Composition of the Atmosphere
The composition of the atmosphere varies with altitude, affecting its physical and chemical properties. The lower atmosphere contains a higher concentration of water vapor and pollutants, while the upper layers have less density and different gas compositions. This variation plays a significant role in atmospheric dynamics and the formation of different weather phenomena.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
The figure shows the three lowest regions of Earth's atmo- sphere.
(d) An aurora borealis is due to excitation of atoms and molecules in the atmosphere 55–95 km above Earth's surface. Which regions in the figure are involved in an aurora borealis?
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Textbook Question
Where does the energy come from to evaporate the esti- mated 425,000 km3 of water that annually leaves the oceans, as illustrated here? [Section 18.3]
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Textbook Question
(a) How are the boundaries between the regions of the atmosphere determined?
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Textbook Question
(b) Explain why the stratosphere, which is about 35 km thick, has a smaller total mass than the troposphere, which is about 12 km thick.
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Textbook Question
Air pollution in the Mexico City metropolitan area is among the worst in the world. The concentration of ozone in Mexico City has been measured at 441 ppb (0.441 ppm). Mexico City sits at an altitude of 7400 feet, which means its atmospheric pressure is only 0.67 atm. (a) Calculate the partial pressure of ozone at 441 ppb if the atmospheric pressure is 0.67 atm.
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