(a) Evaluate the expressions 2 * 1, 2 * 11 + 32, 2 * 11 + 3 + 52, and 2 * 11 + 3 + 5 + 72. How do the atomic numbers of the noble gases relate to the numbers? (b) What topic discussed in Chapter 6 is the source of the number '2' in the expressions in part (a)?

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Evaluate the expression 2 * 1. This involves multiplying 2 by 1.

Step 2: Evaluate the expression 2 * 11 + 32. First, multiply 2 by 11, then add 32 to the result.

Step 3: Evaluate the expression 2 * 11 + 3 + 52. Start by multiplying 2 by 11, then add 3, and finally add 52 to the result.

Step 4: Evaluate the expression 2 * 11 + 3 + 5 + 72. Begin by multiplying 2 by 11, then add 3, add 5, and finally add 72 to the result.

Step 5: Relate the results to the atomic numbers of noble gases. Compare the evaluated results with the atomic numbers of noble gases: Helium (2), Neon (10), Argon (18), Krypton (36), Xenon (54), and Radon (86). Consider how these numbers might relate to the evaluated expressions.

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Textbook Question

Consider the Mg²⁺, Cl^-, K⁺, and Se^2- ions. The four spheres below represent these four ions, scaled according to ionic size. (b) In terms of size, between which of the spheres would you find the (i) Ca²⁺ and (ii) S^2- ions?

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Textbook Question

In the following reaction

which sphere represents a metal and which represents a nonmetal?

Shown below is a qualitative diagram of the atomic orbital energies for an Na atom. The number of orbitals in each subshell is not shown.

(d) A sodium vapor lamp (Figure 7.23) operates by using electricity to excite the highest-energy electron to the next highest-energy level. Light is produced when the excited electron drops back to the lower level. Which two energy levels are involved in this process for the Na atom?

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Textbook Question

The prefix eka- comes from the Sanskrit word for 'one.' Mendeleev used this prefix to indicate that the unknown element was one place away from the known element that followed the prefix. For example, eka-silicon, which we now call germanium, is one element below silicon. Mendeleev also predicted the existence of eka-manganese, which was not experimentally confirmed until 1937 because this element is radioactive and does not occur in nature. Based on the periodic table shown in Figure 7.1, what do we now call the element Mendeleev called eka-manganese?

Moseley’s experiments on X rays emitted from atoms led to the concept of atomic numbers. (a) If arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, which element would come after chlorine? (b) Describe two ways in which the properties of this element differ from the other elements in group 8A.

Textbook Question

Among the elements N, O, P, and S, which element or elements have the smallest effect nuclear charge if we use Equation 7.1 to calculate Zeff? Which element or elements have the largest effective nuclear charge?

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