One scale for electronegativity is based on the concept that the electronegativity of any atom is proportional to the ionization energy of the atom minus its electron affinity: electronegativity = k1I - EA2, where k is a proportionality constant. (b) Why are both ionization energy and electron affinity relevant to the notion of electronegativity?

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Step 1: Understand the concept of electronegativity. Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. The higher the electronegativity, the greater the atom's strength to attract a pair of electrons.

Step 2: Understand the concept of ionization energy. Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion. The higher the ionization energy, the more difficult it is to remove an electron.

Step 3: Understand the concept of electron affinity. Electron affinity is the energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a neutral atom. The higher the electron affinity, the more readily the atom can accept an electron.

Step 4: Understand the relationship between these concepts. Both ionization energy and electron affinity are relevant to the notion of electronegativity because they both reflect the behavior of an atom in relation to electrons. An atom with a high ionization energy and a high electron affinity will have a high electronegativity because it strongly resists losing electrons and readily accepts additional electrons.

Step 5: Understand the equation. In the equation electronegativity = k1I - EA2, the ionization energy (I) and electron affinity (EA) are both taken into account. The constant k is a proportionality constant that adjusts the scale of the electronegativity values. This equation shows that electronegativity is directly proportional to ionization energy and inversely proportional to electron affinity.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Ionization Energy

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state. It reflects how strongly an atom holds onto its electrons; higher ionization energy indicates a stronger attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. This concept is crucial for understanding electronegativity because atoms with high ionization energies tend to attract electrons more effectively, contributing to their electronegativity.

Electron Affinity

Electron affinity is the amount of energy released when an atom gains an electron to form a negative ion. It indicates how much an atom 'wants' to gain an electron; a higher electron affinity means the atom is more likely to attract additional electrons. This property is relevant to electronegativity as it helps determine how readily an atom can accept electrons, influencing its ability to form bonds with other atoms.

Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons in a chemical bond. It is influenced by both ionization energy and electron affinity, as these properties dictate how effectively an atom can gain or lose electrons. Understanding electronegativity is essential for predicting the behavior of atoms in chemical reactions and the nature of the bonds they form.

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Textbook Question

The electron affinity of oxygen is -141 kJ/mol, corresponding to the reaction O(g) + e^- → O^-(g). The lattice energy of K₂O(s) is 2238 kJ/mol. Use these data along with data in Appendix C and Figure 7.10 to calculate the 'second electron affinity' of oxygen, corresponding to the reaction O^-(g) + e^-→ O^2-(g)

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Open Question

You and a partner are asked to complete a lab entitled “Carbonates of Group 2 metal” that is scheduled to extend over two lab periods. The first lab, which is to be completed by your partner, is devoted to carrying out compositional analysis and determining the identity of the Group 2 metal (M). In the second lab, you are to determine the melting point of this compound. Upon going to the lab, you find two unlabeled vials containing white powder. You also find the following notes in your partner’s notebook—Compound 1: 40.04% M, 12.00% C, and 47.96% O (by mass); Compound 2: 69.59% M, 6.09% C, and 24.32% O (by mass). (a) What is the empirical formula for Compound 1 and the identity of M? (b) What is the empirical formula for Compound 2 and the identity of M? Upon determining the melting points of these two compounds, you find that both compounds do not melt up to the maximum temperature of your apparatus; instead, the compounds decompose and liberate a colorless gas. (c) What is the identity of the colorless gas?

Open Question

One scale for electronegativity is based on the concept that the electronegativity of any atom is proportional to the ionization energy of the atom minus its electron affinity: electronegativity = k(I - EA), where k is a proportionality constant. (d) Use your result from part (c) to determine the electronegativities of Cl and O using this scale. (e) Another scale for electronegativity defines electronegativity as the average of an atom’s first ionization energy and its electron affinity. Using this scale, calculate the electronegativities for the halogens, and scale them so that fluorine has an electronegativity of 4.0. On this scale, what is Br’s electronegativity?

The compound chloral hydrate, known in detective stories as knockout drops, is composed of 14.52% C, 1.83% H, 64.30% Cl, and 13.35% O by mass, and has a molar mass of 165.4 g/mol. (c) Draw the Lewis structure of the molecule, assuming that the Cl atoms bond to a single C atom and that there are a C–C bond and two C–O bonds in the compound.