Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

Problem 102c

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Chapter 8, Problem 102c

One scale for electronegativity is based on the concept that the electronegativity of any atom is proportional to the ionization energy of the atom minus its electron affinity: electronegativity = k1I - EA2, where k is a proportionality constant. (c) By using data in Chapter 7, determine the value of k that would lead to an electronegativity of 4.0 for F under this definition.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the problem. The problem is asking us to find the value of the proportionality constant 'k' in the given equation for electronegativity. The equation is electronegativity = k(I - EA), where I is the ionization energy and EA is the electron affinity.

Step 2: Look up the values for the ionization energy and electron affinity for Fluorine (F) in Chapter 7. Let's denote these values as I_F and EA_F respectively.

Step 3: Substitute the given electronegativity value of 4.0 for Fluorine, and the values of I_F and EA_F into the equation. This gives us 4.0 = k(I_F - EA_F).

Step 4: Solve the equation for 'k'. To do this, rearrange the equation to isolate 'k' on one side. This gives us k = 4.0 / (I_F - EA_F).

Step 5: The value obtained from the above calculation is the value of the proportionality constant 'k' that would lead to an electronegativity of 4.0 for Fluorine under the given definition.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons when forming chemical bonds. It is a dimensionless quantity that helps predict how atoms will interact in compounds. The scale of electronegativity can vary, but it is often used to understand the polarity of bonds and the reactivity of elements.

Ionization Energy

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state. It reflects how strongly an atom holds onto its electrons; higher ionization energy indicates a stronger attraction. This property is crucial in determining an atom's electronegativity, as atoms with high ionization energies tend to be more electronegative.

Electron Affinity

Electron affinity is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom in the gas phase. It indicates how much an atom wants to gain an electron. A higher electron affinity means that an atom is more likely to attract additional electrons, which also influences its overall electronegativity.

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Electron Affinity

Related Practice

The electron affinity of oxygen is -141 kJ/mol, corresponding to the reaction O(g) + e^- → O^-(g). The lattice energy of K₂O(s) is 2238 kJ/mol. Use these data along with data in Appendix C and Figure 7.10 to calculate the 'second electron affinity' of oxygen, corresponding to the reaction O^-(g) + e^-→ O^2-(g)

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Open Question

You and a partner are asked to complete a lab entitled “Carbonates of Group 2 metal” that is scheduled to extend over two lab periods. The first lab, which is to be completed by your partner, is devoted to carrying out compositional analysis and determining the identity of the Group 2 metal (M). In the second lab, you are to determine the melting point of this compound. Upon going to the lab, you find two unlabeled vials containing white powder. You also find the following notes in your partner’s notebook—Compound 1: 40.04% M, 12.00% C, and 47.96% O (by mass); Compound 2: 69.59% M, 6.09% C, and 24.32% O (by mass). (a) What is the empirical formula for Compound 1 and the identity of M? (b) What is the empirical formula for Compound 2 and the identity of M? Upon determining the melting points of these two compounds, you find that both compounds do not melt up to the maximum temperature of your apparatus; instead, the compounds decompose and liberate a colorless gas. (c) What is the identity of the colorless gas?

Textbook Question

One scale for electronegativity is based on the concept that the electronegativity of any atom is proportional to the ionization energy of the atom minus its electron affinity: electronegativity = k1I - EA2, where k is a proportionality constant. (b) Why are both ionization energy and electron affinity relevant to the notion of electronegativity?

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Textbook Question

One scale for electronegativity is based on the concept that the electronegativity of any atom is proportional to the ionization energy of the atom minus its electron affinity: electronegativity = k1I - EA2, where k is a proportionality constant. (d) Use your result from part (c) to determine the electronegativities of Cl and O using this scale. Use your result to determine the electronegativity of Cl using this scale.

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Open Question

The compound chloral hydrate, known in detective stories as knockout drops, is composed of 14.52% C, 1.83% H, 64.30% Cl, and 13.35% O by mass, and has a molar mass of 165.4 g/mol. (c) Draw the Lewis structure of the molecule, assuming that the Cl atoms bond to a single C atom and that there are a C–C bond and two C–O bonds in the compound.

Open Question

Potassium peroxide is composed of 70.96% K and 29.04% O. Each peroxide ion has a net charge of 2-. (a) Given the molecular weight of the compound is 110.19, determine the chemical formula of potassium peroxide.