Fluorocarbons (compounds that contain both carbon and fluorine) were, until recently, used as refrigerants. The compounds listed in the following table are all gases at 25 °C, and their solubilities in water at 25 °C and 1 atm fluorocarbon pressure are given as mass percentages. (c) Infants born with severe respiratory problems are sometimes given liquid ventilation: They breathe a liquid that can dissolve more oxygen than air can hold. One of these liquids is a fluorinated compound, CF3(CF2)7Br. The solubility of oxygen in this liquid is 66 mL O2 per 100 mL liquid. In contrast, air is 21% oxygen by volume. Calculate the moles of O2 present in an infant’s lungs (volume: 15 mL) if the infant takes a full breath of air compared to taking a full “breath” of a saturated solution of O2 in the fluorinated liquid. Assume a pressure of 1 atm in the lungs.
Ch.13 - Properties of Solutions
Chapter 13, Problem 109a
A series of anions is shown below:
The anion on the far right is called 'BARF' by chemists, as its common abbreviation sounds similar to this word. (a) What is the central atom and the number of electronpair domains around the central atom in each of these anions?
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Identify the central atom in each anion. For the first anion, the central atom is carbon (C). For the second anion, the central atom is nitrogen (N). For the third anion, the central atom is phosphorus (P).
Determine the number of electron pair domains around the central atom. Electron pair domains include both bonding pairs and lone pairs of electrons.
For the first anion (carbon with three chlorine atoms), count the bonding pairs. There are three bonding pairs (C-Cl) and no lone pairs on the central carbon atom.
For the second anion (nitrogen with four methyl groups), count the bonding pairs. There are four bonding pairs (N-CH3) and no lone pairs on the central nitrogen atom.
For the third anion (phosphorus with six bromine atoms), count the bonding pairs. There are six bonding pairs (P-Br) and no lone pairs on the central phosphorus atom.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Central Atom
The central atom in a molecule or ion is typically the atom that is bonded to multiple other atoms. It is often the least electronegative element in the compound and serves as the focal point for determining the molecular geometry. In the provided anions, identifying the central atom is crucial for understanding the overall structure and bonding characteristics.
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Atom Structure
Electron Pair Domains
Electron pair domains refer to regions around the central atom where electron pairs are located, including both bonding pairs (shared between atoms) and lone pairs (not shared). The number of electron pair domains influences the molecular geometry according to the VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory, which predicts the arrangement of atoms based on minimizing repulsion between electron pairs.
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00:47Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
VSEPR Theory
VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory is a model used to predict the geometry of individual molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs in the valence shell of the central atom. By considering the number of bonding and lone pairs, VSEPR theory helps determine the shape of the molecule, which is essential for understanding the properties and reactivity of the anions in the question.
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02:13Molecular Shapes and VSEPR
Related Practice
Textbook Question
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Textbook Question
At ordinary body temperature (37 °C), the solubility of N2 in water at ordinary atmospheric pressure (1.0 atm) is 0.015 g/L. Air is approximately 78 mol % N2. (b) At a depth of 100 ft in water, the external pressure is 4.0 atm. What is the solubility of N2 from air in blood at this pressure?
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Textbook Question
A series of anions is shown below:
The anion on the far right is called 'BARF' by chemists, as
its common abbreviation sounds similar to this word.
(d) Tetrabutylammonium, (CH3CH2CH2CH2)4N + is a
bulky cation. Which anion, when paired with the
tetrabutylammonium cation, would lead to a salt
that will be most soluble in nonpolar solvents?
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Textbook Question
A series of anions is shown below:
The anion on the far right is called 'BARF' by chemists, as its common abbreviation sounds similar to this word. (b) What is the electron-domain geometry around the central B in BARF?
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Textbook Question
A series of anions is shown below: The anion on the far right is called 'BARF' by chemists, as its common abbreviation sounds similar to this word. (c) Which, if any, of these anions has an expanded octet around its central atom?
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Open Question
The following table presents the solubilities of several gases in water at 25 °C under a total pressure of gas and water vapor of 1 atm. (b) The solubilities (in water) of the hydrocarbons are as follows: methane 6, ethane 6, and ethylene. Is this because ethylene is the most polar molecule? Gas Solubility (mM) CH4 (methane) 1.3 C2H6 (ethane) 1.8 C2H4 (ethylene) 4.7 N2 0.6 O2 1.2 NO 1.9 H2S 99 SO2 1476 (c) What intermolecular interactions can these hydrocarbons have with water? Gas Solubility (mM) CH4 (methane) 1.3 C2H6 (ethane) 1.8 C2H4 (ethylene) 4.7 N2 0.6 O2 1.2 NO 1.9 H2S 99 SO2 1476 (e) Explain why NO is more soluble in water than either N2 or O2. Gas Solubility (mM) CH4 (methane) 1.3 C2H6 (ethane) 1.8 C2H4 (ethylene) 4.7 N2 0.6 O2 1.2 NO 1.9 H2S 99 SO2 1476 (f) H2S is more water-soluble than almost all the other gases in the table. What intermolecular forces is H2S likely to have with water? Gas Solubility (mM) CH4 (methane) 1.3 C2H6 (ethane) 1.8 C2H4 (ethylene) 4.7 N2 0.6 O2 1.2 NO 1.9 H2S 99 SO2 1476 (g) SO2 is by far the most water-soluble gas in the table. What intermolecular forces is SO2 likely to have with water? Gas Solubility (mM) CH4 (methane) 1.3 C2H6 (ethane) 1.8 C2H4 (ethylene) 4.7 N2 0.6 O2 1.2 NO 1.9 H2S 99 SO2 1476