What are two main criteria required for an RNA vaccine to be effective at protecting a vaccinated individual from a viral infection?

Key Concepts

RNA Vaccine Mechanism

RNA vaccines work by introducing a piece of messenger RNA (mRNA) that encodes a viral protein into the body. This mRNA is translated by the host's cells to produce the viral protein, which then triggers an immune response. The immune system recognizes this protein as foreign, leading to the production of antibodies and memory cells that provide protection against future infections.

Immune Response Activation

For an RNA vaccine to be effective, it must successfully activate the immune response. This involves both the innate immune response, which provides immediate defense, and the adaptive immune response, which generates specific antibodies and memory cells. A robust immune response ensures that the vaccinated individual can recognize and combat the actual virus if exposed.

Stability and Delivery of RNA

The stability of the RNA and its effective delivery into cells are critical for vaccine efficacy. RNA is inherently unstable and can degrade quickly; thus, it must be encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles for protection and efficient cellular uptake. Proper delivery ensures that sufficient amounts of mRNA reach the cells to elicit a strong immune response.