Why is memory thought to involve changes in particular synapses? a. At some synapses, more neurotransmitters are released after learning takes place. b. At some synapses, a different type of neurotransmitter is released after learning takes place. c. When researchers stimulated certain neurons electrically, individuals replayed memories. d. When researchers changed synapses in the brains of patients during surgery, the patients' memories changed.

Key Concepts

Synaptic Plasticity

Synaptic plasticity refers to the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity. This process is fundamental to learning and memory, as it allows for the modification of neural connections based on experience. Changes in synaptic strength can occur through mechanisms such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), which are critical for encoding memories.

Neurotransmitter Release

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses from one neuron to another. The amount and type of neurotransmitter released can change based on prior learning experiences, influencing synaptic strength and communication between neurons. For instance, increased release of neurotransmitters at certain synapses can enhance the efficiency of synaptic transmission, which is essential for memory formation.

Memory Encoding and Retrieval

Memory encoding is the process of converting sensory input into a form that can be stored in the brain, while retrieval is the ability to access that stored information later. Research has shown that specific patterns of neural activity and synaptic changes are associated with the encoding and retrieval of memories. This relationship highlights the importance of synaptic modifications in the overall process of memory formation and recall.