The transduction of sound waves into action potentials occurs a. in the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by hair cells. b. when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons. c. as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds. d. within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes.

Key Concepts

Hair Cells and Sound Transduction

Hair cells are specialized sensory cells located in the cochlea of the inner ear. They play a crucial role in converting sound waves into electrical signals. When sound waves cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, hair cells bend, leading to depolarization and the release of neurotransmitters that activate sensory neurons.

Tectorial Membrane

The tectorial membrane is a gelatinous structure in the cochlea that sits above the hair cells. When sound waves cause the basilar membrane to vibrate, the movement of the basilar membrane causes the hair cells to bend against the tectorial membrane. This bending is essential for initiating the process of sound transduction.

Basilar Membrane and Frequency Response

The basilar membrane is a flexible structure that runs along the length of the cochlea and responds to different sound frequencies. Higher frequencies cause vibrations near the base, while lower frequencies affect the apex. This frequency-specific vibration is critical for the perception of pitch and is integral to the auditory transduction process.