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Ch. 55 - Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology
Chapter 55, Problem 4

Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by a. converting nitrogen gas to ammonia. b. releasing ammonium from organic compounds, thus returning it to the soil. c. converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb. d. incorporating nitrogen into amino acids and organic compounds.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Nitrogen Cycle

The nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical process that describes the transformation and movement of nitrogen through the atmosphere, soil, and living organisms. It involves several key steps, including nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and ammonification, which collectively ensure the availability of nitrogen in forms usable by plants and animals.
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Nitrification

Nitrification is a two-step microbial process in the nitrogen cycle where ammonia (NH3) is first oxidized to nitrite (NO2-) by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, and then nitrite is further oxidized to nitrate (NO3-) by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. This process is crucial as nitrate is a primary form of nitrogen that plants can readily absorb and utilize for growth.
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Role of Nitrifying Bacteria

Nitrifying bacteria are specialized microorganisms that facilitate the conversion of ammonia into nitrate during nitrification. They play a vital role in maintaining soil fertility and ecosystem health by ensuring that nitrogen, an essential nutrient for plant growth, is available in a form that plants can uptake, thus supporting agricultural productivity and natural ecosystems.
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Which of the following organisms is correctly paired with a trophic level?


a. cyanobacterium—secondary consumer

b. grasshopper—primary consumer

c. zooplankton—primary producer

d. grass—decomposer

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Textbook Question

Which of these ecosystems has the lowest net primary production per square meter? a. a salt marsh b. an open ocean c. a coral reef d. a tropical rain forest

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Textbook Question

The discipline that applies ecological principles to returning degraded ecosystems to a more natural state is known as a. restoration ecology. b. thermodynamics. c. eutrophication. d. biogeochemistry.

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Textbook Question

Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem? a. the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem b. the production efficiency of the ecosystem's consumers c. the trophic efficiency of the ecosystem d. the location of the nutrient reservoirs in the ecosystem

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Textbook Question

Which of the following was a result of the Hubbard Brook watershed deforestation experiment? (A) Most minerals were not recycled within the intact forest ecosystem. (B) Calcium levels remained high in the soil of deforested areas. (C) Deforestation decreased water runoff. (D) The nitrate concentration in waters draining the deforested area became dangerously high.

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Textbook Question

Which of the following would be considered an example of bioremediation? a. adding nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to a degraded ecosystem to increase nitrogen availability b. using a bulldozer to regrade a strip mine c. reconfiguring the channel of a river d. adding seeds of a chromium-accumulating plant to soil contaminated by chromium

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