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The Greatest Species on Earth?
Chapter 14, Problem 5

Comparisons of ribosomal RNA among many different modern species indicate that                   . a. there are two very divergent groups of prokaryotes; b. the Protista represents a conglomeration of very unrelated forms; c. fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants; d. A and B are correct; e. A, B, and C are correct

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1
Understand that ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences are used in molecular biology to determine evolutionary relationships among organisms because rRNA has a slow rate of change and is present in all organisms.
Recognize that option 'a' suggests the existence of two distinct groups of prokaryotes, which refers to the division into Bacteria and Archaea, supported by rRNA studies.
Consider option 'b', which states that Protista is a diverse group. This is true as Protista includes a variety of organisms that are not closely related, making it a paraphyletic group.
Evaluate option 'c', which posits that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants. This is supported by molecular evidence including rRNA comparisons showing that fungi share a more recent common ancestor with animals than with plants.
Conclude by assessing options 'd' and 'e'. If options 'a', 'b', and 'c' are correct based on rRNA comparisons and evolutionary relationships, then option 'e' (A, B, and C are correct) would be the most comprehensive and accurate choice.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Ribosomal RNA is a type of RNA that is a fundamental component of ribosomes, the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. rRNA sequences are highly conserved across different species, making them useful for phylogenetic studies. By comparing rRNA sequences, scientists can infer evolutionary relationships and classify organisms based on genetic similarities and differences.
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Phylogenetics

Phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities, often using genetic data to construct evolutionary trees. This field helps in understanding how different species are related through common ancestry. The analysis of rRNA sequences is a common method in phylogenetics, allowing researchers to identify major lineages and divergences among groups such as prokaryotes, fungi, and protists.
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Taxonomic Relationships

Taxonomic relationships refer to the classification and organization of living organisms based on shared characteristics and evolutionary history. Understanding these relationships helps clarify how different groups, such as fungi, animals, and plants, are related. Recent studies using rRNA comparisons have revealed surprising connections, such as the closer relationship between fungi and animals compared to plants, challenging traditional classifications.
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