25. The Urinary System

The ________________ is the finest layer of the filtration membrane.

In the process of filtrate formation, which of the following factors creates an osmotic gradient?

Which of the following is a possible consequence of a prolonged or chronic decrease in glomerular filtration rate?

The ________________ is the finest layer of the filtration membrane.

Net filtration pressure in most capillary beds favors:

a. absorption.

b. osmosis.

c. filtration.

d. secretion.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d. Filtrate flows from the renal corpuscle to the distal tubule, the nephron loop, the proximal tubule, and into the collecting system.

Describe the structure of the filtration membrane.

Which of the following substances would pass through the filtration membrane to become part of the filtrate under normal circumstances? (Circle all that apply.)

a. Sodium ions

b. Albumin

c. Glucose

d. Erythrocytes

e. Leukocytes

f. Amino acids

g. Urea

Which of the following is false about the GFR?

a. The GFR averages about 120 ml/min.

b. The GFR increases when the afferent arteriole dilates.

c. The GFR decreases when the efferent arteriole constricts.

d. The GFR decreases when the afferent arteriole constricts

Fill in the blanks: Glomerular hydrostatic pressure _____ filtration; colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure_____ filtration.

a. favors; favor

b. opposes; oppose

c. favors; oppose

d. opposes; favor

The route by which substances are reabsorbed by crossing through the cells of the renal tubule and collecting system is known as the:

a. paracellular route.

b. transcellular route.

c. primary active transport route.

d. facultative route.

Predict the effects the following scenarios would have on glomerular filtration:

a. Having excess proteins in the blood, increasing colloid osmotic pressure

Predict the effects the following scenarios would have on glomerular filtration:

b. Having low arterial blood pressure (hypotension)

Normal urine should have which of the following properties? Circle all that apply.

a. Translucency

b. Yellowish pigment

c. Cloudy appearance

d. pH less than 4.5

The GFR may be estimated by measuring the rate at which certain substances are removed from the blood, which is known as:

a. renal clearance.

b. plasma creatinine.

c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

d. inulin estimation.

What might it mean if you found a high concentration of urobilinogen in your patient's urine? (Hint: Consider the source of urobilinogen.) (Connects to Chapter 19)