21. The Immune System

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Which of the following antibody capabilities causes a transfusion reaction with A or B erythrocyte antigens? a. Neutralization b. Precipitation c. Complement fixation d. Agglutination

Which of the following statements is characteristic of a secondary humoral response?

986

A vaccination works to establish __________.

1520

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of antibody action?

1823

Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response?

3090

Which of the following is not involved in the activation of a B cell? a. antigen, b. helper T cell, c. cytokine, d. cytotoxic T cell.

Terrence has severe asthma and allergies, and is placed on a medication that blocks the functioning of IgE. How would this medication alleviate his symptoms?

248

Humoral immunity is provided by __________.

1216

Ted finds out that he has been exposed to measles. He is concerned that he might have contracted the disease, so he goes to see his physician. The physician takes a blood sample and sends it to a lab for antibody levels and titers. The results show an elevated level and activity of IgM antibodies to rubella (measles) virus but very few IgG antibodies to the virus. Has Ted contracted the disease?

251

The secondary lymphoid organs:

159

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Which of these antibody classes is usually arranged as a pentamer? a. IgG b. IgM c IgA d. IgD

249

T cells and B cells are produced in the:

150

Binding of antigens to receptors of immunocompetent lymphocytes leads to clonal selection. Describe the process of clonal selection. What nonlymphocyte cell is a central actor in this process, and what is its function?

Define antibody. Using an appropriately labeled diagram, describe the structure of an antibody monomer. Indicate and label variable and constant regions, heavy and light chains.

240

Match the following antibodies with the correct definition.

____IgD

____IgM

____IgG

____IgA

____IgE

a. Antibody found in secretions

b. Most common antibody; crosses the placenta

c. Antibody involved in allergies and parasitic infections

d. Pentamer and potent agglutinating agent

e. Antibody bound to the B cell plasma membrane

211

The humoral response is initiated by production of:

157

Name the five classes of immunoglobulins. Which is most likely to be found attached to a B cell membrane? Which is most abundant in plasma? Which is important in allergic responses? Which is the first Ig to be released during the primary response? Which can cross the placental barrier?

335

How does the formation of an antigen–antibody complex cause the elimination of an antigen?

235

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct is to make a true statement.

d. Vaccinations are given to induce the production of the inflammatory response.

229

Name the five antibody classes and describe where each is most likely to be found in the body.

Differentiate between a primary and a secondary immune response. Which is more rapid and why?

285

Antibodies released by plasma cells are involved in a. humoral immunity, b. immediate hypersensitivity reactions, c. autoimmune disorders, d. all of the above.

An investigator at a crime scene discovers some body fluid on the victim's clothing. The investigator carefully takes a sample and sends it to the crime lab for analysis. On the basis of the analysis of antibodies, could the crime lab determine whether the sample is blood plasma or semen? Explain.

283

Which immune cell is able to respond quickly after any subsequent encounter with the same antigen?

1001

How do antibodies help defend the body?

305

Which of the following are two of the secondary lymphoid organs?

163

An anesthesia technician is advised that she should be vaccinated against hepatitis B, which is caused by a virus. She is given one injection and is told to come back for a second injection in a month and a third injection after 6 months. Why is this series of injections necessary?

246

Which of the following is not a role of TH cells?

a. Stimulation of macrophages

b. Activation of naïve TC cells

c. Stimulation of naïve B cells

d. Stimulation of clonal selection

218

Explain how active immunity and passive immunity differ.

206

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct is to make a true statement.

c. Subunit vaccines consist of pathogens that are alive but unable to cause disease.

223

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity?

176

Which antibody class is abundant in body secretions? a. IgA, b. IgD, c. IgE, d. IgG, e. IgM.

The specificity of an antibody is determined by the (a) fixed segment, (b) antigenic determinants, (c) variable region, (d) size of the antibody, (e) antibody class.

310

Mechanisms of antibody action

Activity

Give one example of each type of immunity: innate immunity, naturally acquired active immunity, artificially acquired active immunity, artificially acquired passive immunity, and naturally acquired passive immunity.

300

Cytotoxic T cells are primarily involved in ____________.

171

Active artificially acquired immunity is a result of __________.

1582

T cells mature in the __________ & B-cells mature in the ____________.

175

Your friend tests her snake-wrangling skills on an eastern diamondback rattlesnake, and is bitten and envenomated (injected with the snake's venom). In the emergency department, doctors administer the antivenin CroFab, which contains antibodies to the toxins in snake venom. Is this an example of active or passive immunity? Will this confer any lasting protection to your friend?

295