21. The Immune System

First-Line Defenses: Chemical Barriers

21. The Immune System

First-Line Defenses: Chemical Barriers

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Multiple Choice

Which type of molecule is produced by virus-infected cells to communicate to noninfected cells the presence of a virus?

889

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Textbook Question

What is complement? How does it cause bacterial lysis? What are some of the other roles of complement?

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about the defensive roles of saliva and gastric juices are true?

All of the following are considered innate body defenses except a. complement, b. phagocytosis, c. antibodies, d. lysozyme, e. inflammation.

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following minerals needed for bacterial reproduction do the liver and spleen sequester during a fever?

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Textbook Question

What seven defenses, present at birth, provide the body with the defensive capability known as innate (nonspecific) immunity?

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Textbook Question

Fill in the blanks: Injured tissue releases chemicals called______ that mediate the four cardinal signs of inflammation, which are _____, ______,_____ , and_______.

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Textbook Question

Capillary permeability increases and plasma proteins leak into the interstitial fluid as part of the inflammatory process. Why is this desirable?

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Textbook Question

The most beneficial effect of fever is that it (a) inhibits the spread of some bacteria and viruses, (b) increases the metabolic rate by up to 10 percent, (c) stimulates the release of pyrogens, (d) achieves a and b.

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Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. Phagocytic cells of innate immunity include NK cells and basophils.

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Textbook Question

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Chemical mediators of inflammation include a. interferon. b. complement. c. histamine. d. antibodies.

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Multiple Choice

Which cells do NOT have a direct role in phagocytosis?

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Multiple Choice

The first step in inflammation is __________.

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Multiple Choice

Defensin antimicrobial peptides kill microbes by:

In the respiratory burst, __________ are released; these have a potent cell-killing ability.

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Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

e. Fever is generated by pyrogens that reset the temperature set point of the hypothalamus to a lower value.

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Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. Neutrophils are a critical component of the response to a parasitic infection.

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Multiple Choice

All of the following are chemical defenses against microbial infection except which of these answers?

What property of antimicrobial peptide allows them to disrupt bacterial cell surfaces?

Complement proteins work by __________.

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Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. NK cells are cytotoxic cells that lyse and kill cancer cells and cells infected with certain viruses.

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Textbook Question

The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls in response to inflammatory signals is called a. diapedesis, b. chemotaxis, c. margination, d. opsonization.

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a function of interferons?

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Textbook Question

Give a function for each of the following: (l) interleukins, (m) tumor necrosis factor, (n) colony-stimulating factors.

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Textbook Question

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Against which of the following will interferon do some good? a. Infection of body cells by a virus b. Circulating free viruses c. Some types of cancer d. Bacterial infection

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Textbook Question

Complement activation promotes all of the following except a. cell lysis, b. inflammation, c. opsonization, d. interferon release, e. chemotaxis of neutrophils and other cells.

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Multiple Choice

Lysozyme is effective at destroying bacteria pathogens because it does what?

Which of the following functions is/are performed by complement proteins?

a. Cell lysis

b. Opsonization

c. Enhancing inflammation

d. Only a and b

e. All of the above

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Multiple Choice

The ____________ glands create sebum which makes the skin more __________ which decreases microbial growth.

Which of the following is/are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result(s) in a fever?

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Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d.Interleukin-1 is a cytokine that prevents viral replication in infected cells.

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Textbook Question

Interferons are referred to as antiviral proteins. What stimulates their production, and how do they protect uninfected cells? Which cells of the body secrete interferons?

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation?

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Textbook Question

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Which of the following are among the most common indicators of inflammation? a. Phagocytosis b. Edema c. Leukocytosis d. Pain

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Multiple Choice

A moderate fever is an example of an innate body defense.

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Multiple Choice

Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

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Textbook Question

Interferons are referred to as antiviral proteins. What stimulates their production, and how do they protect uninfected cells?

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Multiple Choice

When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, it is an indication that __________.

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Textbook Question

Compared with innate defenses, adaptive defenses (a) do not distinguish between one threat and another, (b) are always present at birth, (c) protect against threats on an individual basis, (d) deny the entry of pathogens to the body.

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a property of interferons (IFNs)?

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Textbook Question

Eileen presents with flu-like symptoms, including fever, chills, and body aches.

b. You order blood work and find that the number of neutrophils in the blood is greatly elevated. What does this tell you about the likely type of pathogen involved? Explain.

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Textbook Question

What is complement? Besides bacterial lysis, what are some of the roles of complement?

285

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the first step in an inflammatory response?

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Textbook Question

Phagocytes move through capillary walls by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells, a process known as (a) diapedesis, (b) chemotaxis, (c) adhesion, (d) perforation.