21. The Immune System

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Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Which of the following antibody capabilities causes a transfusion reaction with A or B erythrocyte antigens? a. Neutralization b. Precipitation c. Complement fixation d. Agglutination

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Which of the following statements is characteristic of a secondary humoral response?

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The clonal selection theory states that:

A vaccination works to establish __________.

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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of antibody action?

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Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response?

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Which of the following is not involved in the activation of a B cell? a. antigen, b. helper T cell, c. cytokine, d. cytotoxic T cell.

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Terrence has severe asthma and allergies, and is placed on a medication that blocks the functioning of IgE. How would this medication alleviate his symptoms?

Humoral immunity is provided by __________.

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Ted finds out that he has been exposed to measles. He is concerned that he might have contracted the disease, so he goes to see his physician. The physician takes a blood sample and sends it to a lab for antibody levels and titers. The results show an elevated level and activity of IgM antibodies to rubella (measles) virus but very few IgG antibodies to the virus. Has Ted contracted the disease?

Which of the following is NOT an organ where clonal selection occurs?

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Which of these antibody classes is usually arranged as a pentamer? a. IgG b. IgM c IgA d. IgD

All of the following are postulates of the clonal selection theory EXCEPT:

Clonal selection:

Binding of antigens to receptors of immunocompetent lymphocytes leads to clonal selection. Describe the process of clonal selection. What nonlymphocyte cell is a central actor in this process, and what is its function?

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Define antibody. Using an appropriately labeled diagram, describe the structure of an antibody monomer. Indicate and label variable and constant regions, heavy and light chains.

Match the following antibodies with the correct definition.

____IgD

____IgM

____IgG

____IgA

____IgE

a. Antibody found in secretions

b. Most common antibody; crosses the placenta

c. Antibody involved in allergies and parasitic infections

d. Pentamer and potent agglutinating agent

e. Antibody bound to the B cell plasma membrane

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct is to make a true statement.

d. Vaccinations are given to induce the production of the inflammatory response.

Name the five classes of immunoglobulins. Which is most likely to be found attached to a B cell membrane? Which is most abundant in plasma? Which is important in allergic responses? Which is the first Ig to be released during the primary response? Which can cross the placental barrier?

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How does the formation of an antigen–antibody complex cause the elimination of an antigen?

Name the five antibody classes and describe where each is most likely to be found in the body.

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Differentiate between a primary and a secondary immune response. Which is more rapid and why?

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Antibodies released by plasma cells are involved in a. humoral immunity, b. immediate hypersensitivity reactions, c. autoimmune disorders, d. all of the above.

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Differentiate clearly between humoral and cellular immunity.

An investigator at a crime scene discovers some body fluid on the victim's clothing. The investigator carefully takes a sample and sends it to the crime lab for analysis. On the basis of the analysis of antibodies, could the crime lab determine whether the sample is blood plasma or semen? Explain.

Which immune cell is able to respond quickly after any subsequent encounter with the same antigen?

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How do antibodies help defend the body?

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An anesthesia technician is advised that she should be vaccinated against hepatitis B, which is caused by a virus. She is given one injection and is told to come back for a second injection in a month and a third injection after 6 months. Why is this series of injections necessary?

Which of the following is not a role of TH cells?

a. Stimulation of macrophages

b. Activation of naïve TC cells

c. Stimulation of naïve B cells

d. Stimulation of clonal selection

Explain how active immunity and passive immunity differ.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct is to make a true statement.

c. Subunit vaccines consist of pathogens that are alive but unable to cause disease.

Which antibody class is abundant in body secretions? a. IgA, b. IgD, c. IgE, d. IgG, e. IgM.

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The specificity of an antibody is determined by the (a) fixed segment, (b) antigenic determinants, (c) variable region, (d) size of the antibody, (e) antibody class.

Mechanisms of antibody action

Activity

Give one example of each type of immunity: innate immunity, naturally acquired active immunity, artificially acquired active immunity, artificially acquired passive immunity, and naturally acquired passive immunity.

Active artificially acquired immunity is a result of __________.

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Your friend tests her snake-wrangling skills on an eastern diamondback rattlesnake, and is bitten and envenomated (injected with the snake's venom). In the emergency department, doctors administer the antivenin CroFab, which contains antibodies to the toxins in snake venom. Is this an example of active or passive immunity? Will this confer any lasting protection to your friend?

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