Scaling Networks v6 Companion Guide, 1st edition
Published by Cisco Press (August 20, 2017) © 2018
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Scaling Networks Companion Guide is the official supplemental textbook for the Scaling Networks course in the Cisco® CCNA® Academy®
This course describes the architecture, components, and operations of routers and switches in a large and complex network. You will learn how to configure routers and switches for advanced functionality. By the end of this course, you will be able to configure and troubleshoot routers and switches and resolve common issues with OSPF, EIGRP, STP, and VTP in both IPv4 and IPv6 networks. You will also develop the knowledge and skills needed to implement DHCP and DNS operations in a network.
The Companion Guide is designed as a portable desk reference to use anytime, anywhere to reinforce the material from the course.
- Portable desk reference for take-home sutdy and reference anytime, anywhere
- Aligns to the online course chapters
- Book-based pedagogy that serves as additional reinforcement in helping students learn the topics covered in the course
Introduction xx
Chapter 1 LAN Design 1
Objectives 1
Key Terms 1
Introduction (1.0.1.1) 3
Campus Wired LAN Designs (1.1) 4
   Cisco Validated Designs (1.1.1) 4
       The Need to Scale the Network (1.1.1.1) 4
       Hierarchical Design Model (1.1.1.2) 6
   Expanding the Network (1.1.2) 8
       Design for Scalability (1.1.2.1) 8
       Planning for Redundancy (1.1.2.2) 10
       Failure Domains (1.1.2.3) 11
       Increasing Bandwidth (1.1.2.4) 13
       Expanding the Access Layer (1.1.2.5) 14
       Fine-tuning Routing Protocols (1.1.2.6) 15
Selecting Network Devices (1.2) 17
   Switch Hardware (1.2.1) 17
       Switch Platforms (1.2.1.1) 17
       Port Density (1.2.1.2) 21
       Forwarding Rates (1.2.1.3) 22
       Power over Ethernet (1.2.1.4) 23
       Multilayer Switching (1.2.1.5) 24
   Router Hardware (1.2.2) 26
       Router Requirements (1.2.2.1) 26
       Cisco Routers (1.2.2.2) 27
       Router Hardware (1.2.2.3) 28
   Managing Devices (1.2.3) 29
       Managing IOS Files and Licensing (1.2.3.1) 30
       In-Band versus Out-of-Band Management (1.2.3.2) 30
       Basic Router CLI Commands (1.2.3.3) 31
       Basic Router Show Commands (1.2.3.4) 34
       Basic Switch CLI Commands (1.2.3.5) 38
       Basic Switch Show Commands (1.2.3.6) 40
Summary (1.3) 43
Practice 44
Check Your Understanding Questions 45
Chapter 2 Scaling VLANs 47
Objectives 47
Key Terms 47
Introduction (2.0.1.1) 48
VTP, Extended VLANs, and DTP (2.1) 48
   VTP Concepts and Operation (2.1.1) 49
       VTP Overview (2.1.1.1) 49
       VTP Modes (2.1.1.2) 50
       VTP Advertisements (2.1.1.3) 52
       VTP Versions (2.1.1.4) 53
       Default VTP Configuration (2.1.1.5) 53
       VTP Caveats (2.1.1.6) 55
   VTP Configuration (2.1.2) 57
       VTP Configuration Overview (2.1.2.1) 57
       Step 1–Configure the VTP Server (2.1.2.2) 58
       Step 2–Configure the VTP Domain Name and Password (2.1.2.3) 59
       Step 3–Configure the VTP Clients (2.1.2.4) 60
       Step 4–Configure VLANs on the VTP Server (2.1.2.5) 60
       Step 5–Verify That the VTP Clients Have Received the New VLAN Information (2.1.2.6) 62
   Extended VLANs (2.1.3) 63
       VLAN Ranges on Catalyst Switches (2.1.3.1) 63
       Creating a VLAN (2.1.3.2) 65
       Assigning Ports to VLANs (2.1.3.3) 66
       Verifying VLAN Information (2.1.3.4) 67
       Configuring Extended VLANs (2.1.3.5) 69
   Dynamic Trunking Protocol (2.1.4) 71
       Introduction to DTP (2.1.4.1) 71
       Negotiated Interface Modes (2.1.4.2) 72
Troubleshoot Multi-VLAN Issues (2.2) 75
   Inter-VLAN Configuration Issues (2.2.1) 75
       Deleting VLANs (2.2.1.1) 75
       Switch Port Issues (2.2.1.2) 77
       Verify Switch Configuration (2.2.1.3) 79
       Interface Issues (2.2.1.4) 81
       Verify Routing Configuration (2.2.1.5) 82
   IP Addressing Issues (2.2.2) 83
       Errors with IP Addresses and Subnet Masks (2.2.2.1) 83
       Verifying IP Address and Subnet Mask Configuration Issues (2.2.2.2) 85
   VTP and DTP Issues (2.2.3) 88
       Troubleshoot VTP Issues (2.2.3.1) 88
       Troubleshoot DTP Issues (2.2.3.2) 89
Layer 3 Switching (2.3) 89
   Layer 3 Switching Operation and Configuration (2.3.1) 90
       Introduction to Layer 3 Switching (2.3.1.1) 90
       Inter-VLAN Routing with Switch Virtual Interfaces (2.3.1.2) 91
       Inter-VLAN Routing with Switch Virtual Interfaces (Con’t.) (2.3.1.3) 92
       Inter-VLAN Routing with Routed Ports (2.3.1.4) 94
   Troubleshoot Layer 3 Switching (2.3.2) 95
       Layer 3 Switch Configuration Issues (2.3.2.1) 95
       Example: Troubleshooting Layer 3 Switching (2.3.2.2) 96
Summary (2.4) 99
Practice 99
Check Your Understanding Questions 100
Chapter 3 STP 105
Objectives 105
Key Terms 105
Introduction (3.0.1.1) 107
Spanning Tree Concepts (3.1) 108
   Purpose of Spanning Tree (3.1.1) 108
       Redundancy at OSI Layers 1 and 2 (3.1.1.1) 108
       Issues with Layer 1 Redundancy: MAC Database Instability (3.1.1.2) 109
       Issues with Layer 1 Redundancy: Broadcast Storms (3.1.1.3) 111
       Issues with Layer 1 Redundancy: Duplicate Unicast Frames (3.1.1.4) 113
   STP Operation (3.1.2) 114
       Spanning Tree Algorithm: Introduction (3.1.2.1) 114
       Spanning Tree Algorithm: Port Roles (3.1.2.2) 117
       Spanning Tree Algorithm: Root Bridge (3.1.2.3) 119
       Spanning Tree Algorithm: Root Path Cost (3.1.2.4) 121
       Port Role Decisions for RSTP (3.1.2.5) 124
       Designated and Alternate Ports (3.1.2.6) 127
       802.1D BPDU Frame Format (3.1.2.7) 128
       802.1D BPDU Propagation and Process (3.1.2.8) 131
       Extended System ID (3.1.2.9) 136
Varieties of Spanning Tree Protocols (3.2) 140
   Overview (3.2.1) 140
       Types of Spanning Tree Protocols (3.2.1.1) 140
       Characteristics of the Spanning Tree Protocols (3.2.1.2) 141
   PVST+ (3.2.2) 143
       Overview of PVST+ (3.2.2.1) 143
       Port States and PVST+ Operation (3.2.2.2) 144
       Extended System ID and PVST+ Operation (3.2.2.3) 146
   Rapid PVST+ (3.2.3) 148
       Overview of Rapid PVST+ (3.2.3.1) 148
       RSTP BPDUs (3.2.3.2) 149
       Edge Ports (3.2.3.3) 150
       Link Types (3.2.3.4) 152
Spanning Tree Configuration (3.3) 153
   PVST+ Configuration (3.3.1) 153
       Catalyst 2960 Default Configuration (3.3.1.1) 153
       Configuring and Verifying the Bridge ID (3.3.1.2) 154
       PortFast and BPDU Guard (3.3.1.3) 156
       PVST+ Load Balancing (3.3.1.4) 158
   Rapid PVST+ Configuration (3.3.2) 160
       Spanning Tree Mode (3.3.2.1) 161
   STP Configuration Issues (3.3.3) 163
       Analyzing the STP Topology (3.3.3.1) 164
       Expected Topology versus Actual Topology (3.3.3.2) 164
       Overview of Spanning Tree Status (3.3.3.3) 165
       Spanning Tree Failure Consequences (3.3.3.4) 166
       Repairing a Spanning Tree Problem (3.3.3.5) 169
   Switch Stacking and Chassis Aggregation (3.3.4) 169
       Switch Stacking Concepts (3.3.4.1) 169
       Spanning Tree and Switch Stacks (3.3.4.2) 170
Summary (3.4) 173
Practice 174
Check Your Understanding Questions 174
Chapter 4 EtherChannel and HSRP 179
Objectives 179
Key Terms 179
Introduction (4.0.1.1) 180
Link Aggregation Concepts (4.1) 181
   Link Aggregation (4.1.1) 181
       Introduction to Link Aggregation (4.1.1.1) 181
       Advantages of EtherChannel (4.1.1.2) 182
   EtherChannel Operation (4.1.2) 183
       Implementation Restrictions (4.1.2.1) 183
       Port Aggregation Protocol (4.1.2.2) 185
       Link Aggregation Control Protocol (4.1.2.3) 186
Link Aggregation Configuration (4.2) 188
   Configuring EtherChannel (4.2.1) 188
       Configuration Guidelines (4.2.1.1) 188
       Configuring Interfaces (4.2.1.2) 189
   Verifying and Troubleshooting EtherChannel (4.2.2) 191
       Verifying EtherChannel (4.2.2.1) 191
       Troubleshooting EtherChannel (4.2.2.2) 194
First Hop Redundancy Protocols (4.3) 198
   Concept of First Hop Redundancy Protocols (4.3.1) 198
       Default Gateway Limitations (4.3.1.1) 198
       Router Redundancy (4.3.1.2) 199
       Steps for Router Failover (4.3.1.3) 200
       First Hop Redundancy Protocols (4.3.1.5) 201
   HSRP Operations (4.3.2) 202
       HSRP Overview (4.3.2.1) 203
       HSRP Versions (4.3.2.2) 204
       HSRP Priority and Preemption (4.3.2.3) 204
       HSRP States and Timers (4.3.2.4) 205
   HSRP Configuration (4.3.3) 206
       HSRP Configuration Commands (4.3.3.1) 206
       HSRP Sample Configuration (4.3.3.2) 207
       HSRP Verification (4.3.3.3) 208
   HSRP Troubleshooting (4.3.4) 209
       HSRP Failure (4.3.4.1) 209
       HSRP Debug Commands (4.3.4.2) 210
       Common HSRP Configuration Issues (4.3.4.3) 213
Summary (4.4) 214
Practice 215
Check Your Understanding Questions 216
Chapter 5 Dynamic Routing 219
Objectives 219
Key Terms 219
Introduction (5.0.1.1) 221
Dynamic Routing Protocols (5.1) 222
   Types of Routing Protocols (5.1.1) 222
       Classifying Routing Protocols (5.1.1.1) 222
       IGP and EGP Routing Protocols (5.1.1.2) 224
       Distance Vector Routing Protocols (5.1.1.3) 226
       Link-State Routing Protocols (5.1.1.4) 226
       Classful Routing Protocols (5.1.1.5) 228
       Classless Routing Protocols (5.1.1.6) 231
       Routing Protocol Characteristics (5.1.1.7) 233
       Routing Protocol Metrics (5.1.1.8) 234
Distance Vector Dynamic Routing (5.2) 236
   Distance Vector Fundamentals (5.2.1) 236
       Dynamic Routing Protocol Operation (5.2.1.1) 236
       Cold Start (5.2.1.2) 237
       Network Discovery (5.2.1.3) 238
       Exchanging the Routing Information (5.2.1.4) 239
       Achieving Convergence (5.2.1.5) 241
   Distance Vector Routing Protocol Operation (5.2.2) 242
       Distance Vector Technologies (5.2.2.1) 242
       Distance Vector Algorithm (5.2.2.2) 242
   Types of Distance Vector Routing Protocols (5.2.3) 245
       Routing Information Protocol (5.2.3.1) 245
       Enhanced Interior-Gateway Routing Protocol (5.2.3.2) 246
Link-State Dynamic Routing (5.3) 248
   Link-State Routing Protocol Operation (5.3.1) 248
       Shortest Path First Protocols (5.3.1.1) 248
       Dijkstra’s Algorithm (5.3.1.2) 248
       SPF Example (5.3.1.3) 249
   Link-State Updates (5.3.2) 251
       Link-State Routing Process (5.3.2.1) 251
       Link and Link-State (5.3.2.2) 252
       Say Hello (5.3.2.3) 256
       Building the Link-State Packet (5.3.2.4) 257
       Flooding the LSP (5.3.2.5) 258
       Building the Link-State Database (5.3.2.6) 259
       Building the SPF Tree (5.3.2.7) 260
       Adding OSPF Routes to the Routing Table (5.3.2.8) 264
   Link-State Routing Protocol Benefits (5.3.3) 264
       Why Use Link-State Protocols? (5.3.3.1) 264
       Disadvantages of Link-State Protocols (5.3.3.2) 265
       Protocols That Use Link-State (5.3.3.3) 267
Summary (5.4) 268
Practice 269
Check Your Understanding Questions 269
Chapter 6 EIGRP 273
Objectives 273
Key Terms 273
Introduction (6.0.1.1) 274
EIGRP Characteristics (6.1) 274
   EIGRP Basic Features (6.1.1) 274
       Features of EIGRP (6.1.1.1) 274
       Protocol Dependent Modules (6.1.1.2) 276
       Reliable Transport Protocol (6.1.1.3) 278
       Authentication (6.1.1.4) 279
   EIGRP Packet Types (6.1.2) 279
       EIGRP Packet Types (6.1.2.1) 279
       EIGRP Hello Packets (6.1.2.2) 280
       EIGRP Update and Acknowledgment Packets (6.1.2.3) 281
       EIGRP Query and Reply Packets (6.1.2.4) 283
   EIGRP Messages (6.1.3) 284
       Encapsulating EIGRP Messages (6.1.3.1) 284
       EIGRP Packet Header and TLV (6.1.3.2) 285
Implement EIGRP for IPv4 (6.2) 289
   Configure EIGRP with IPv4 (6.2.1) 289
       EIGRP Network Topology (6.2.1.1) 289
       Autonomous System Numbers (6.2.1.2) 291
       The router eigrp Command (6.2.1.3) 292
       EIGRP Router ID (6.2.1.4) 293
       Configuring the EIGRP Router ID (6.2.1.5) 295
       The network Command (6.2.1.6) 296
       The network Command and Wildcard Mask (6.2.1.7) 298
       Passive Interface (6.2.1.8) 300
   Verify EIGRP with IPv4 (6.2.2) 302
       Verifying EIGRP: Examining Neighbors (6.2.2.1) 302
       Verifying EIGRP: show ip protocols Command (6.2.2.2) 304
       Verifying EIGRP: Examine the IPv4 Routing Table (6.2.2.3) 306
EIGRP Operation (6.3) 309
   EIGRP Initial Route Discovery (6.3.1) 309
       EIGRP Neighbor Adjacency (6.3.1.1) 310
       EIGRP Topology Table (6.3.1.2) 311
       EIGRP Convergence (6.3.1.3) 312
   EIGRP Metrics (6.3.2) 313
       EIGRP Composite Metric (6.3.2.1) 313
       Examining Interface Metric Values (6.3.2.2) 315
       Bandwidth Metric (6.3.2.3) 316
       Delay Metric (6.3.2.4) 319
       How to Calculate the EIGRP Metric (6.3.2.5) 320
       Calculating the EIGRP Metric (6.3.2.6) 321
   DUAL and the Topology Table (6.3.3) 323
       DUAL Concepts (6.3.3.1) 323
       Introduction to DUAL (6.3.3.2) 324
       Successor and Feasible Distance (6.3.3.3) 324
       Feasible Successors, Feasibility Condition, and
       Reported Distance (6.3.3.4) 326
       Topology Table: show ip eigrp topology Command (6.3.3.5) 328
       Topology Table: show ip eigrp topology Command (Cont.) (6.3.3.6) 329
       Topology Table: No Feasible Successor (6.3.3.7) 332
   DUAL and Convergence (6.3.4) 334
       DUAL Finite State Machine (FSM) (6.3.4.1) 334
       DUAL: Feasible Successor (6.3.4.2) 335
       DUAL: No Feasible Successor (6.3.4.3) 338
Implement EIGRP for IPv6 (6.4) 341
   EIGRP for IPv6 (6.4.1) 341
       EIGRP for IPv6 (6.4.1.1) 341
       Compare EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6 (6.4.1.2) 342
       IPv6 Link-local Addresses (6.4.1.3) 344
   Configure EIGRP for IPv6 (6.4.2) 345
       EIGRP for IPv6 Network Topology (6.4.2.1) 345
       Configuring IPv6 Link-local Addresses (6.4.2.2) 347
       Configuring the EIGRP for IPv6 Routing Process (6.4.2.3) 349
       The ipv6 eigrp Interface Command (6.4.2.4) 350
   Verifying EIGRP for IPv6 (6.4.3) 352
       IPv6 Neighbor Table (6.4.3.1) 352
       The show ip protocols Command (6.4.3.2) 354
       The EIGRP for IPv6 Routing Table (6.4.3.3) 355
Summary (6.5) 358
Practice 359
Check Your Understanding Questions 360
Chapter 7 EIGRP Tuning and Troubleshooting 365
Objectives 365
Key Terms 365
Introduction (7.0.1.1) 366
Tune EIGRP (7.1) 366
   Automatic Summarization (7.1.1) 366
       Network Topology (7.1.1.1) 367
       EIGRP Automatic Summarization (7.1.1.2) 369
       Configuring EIGRP Automatic Summarization (7.1.1.3) 371
       Verifying Auto-Summary: show ip protocols (7.1.1.4) 372
       Verifying Auto-Summary: Topology Table (7.1.1.5) 375
       Verifying Auto-Summary: Routing Table (7.1.1.6) 376
       Summary Route (7.1.1.7) 378
       Summary Route (Cont.) (7.1.1.8) 379
   Default Route Propagation (7.1.2) 380
       Propagating a Default Static Route (7.1.2.1) 380
       Verifying the Propagated Default Route (7.1.2.2) 382
       EIGRP for IPv6: Default Route (7.1.2.3) 383
   Fine-tuning EIGRP Interfaces (7.1.3) 384
       EIGRP Bandwidth Utilization (7.1.3.1) 385
       Hello and Hold Timers (7.1.3.2) 386
       Load Balancing IPv4 (7.1.3.3) 388
       Load Balancing IPv6 (7.1.3.4) 390
Troubleshoot EIGRP (7.2) 392
   Components of Troubleshooting EIGRP (7.2.1) 392
       Basic EIGRP Troubleshooting Commands (7.2.1.1) 392
       Components (7.2.1.2) 394
   Troubleshoot EIGRP Neighbor Issues (7.2.2) 397
       Layer 3 Connectivity (7.2.2.1) 397
       EIGRP Parameters (7.2.2.2) 398
       EIGRP Interfaces (7.2.2.3) 399
   Troubleshoot EIGRP Routing Table Issues (7.2.3) 401
       Passive Interface (7.2.3.1) 401
       Missing Network Statement (7.2.3.2) 403
       Autosummarization (7.2.3.3) 405
Summary (7.3) 410
Practice 411
Check Your Understanding Questions 412
Chapter 8 Single-Area OSPF 415
Objectives 415
Key Terms 415
Introduction (8.0.1.1) 416
OSPF Characteristics (8.1) 416
   Open Shortest Path First (8.1.1) 416
       Evolution of OSPF (8.1.1.1) 417
       Features of OSPF (8.1.1.2) 418
       Components of OSPF (8.1.1.3) 419
       Link-State Operation (8.1.1.4) 420
       Single-Area and Multiarea OSPF (8.1.1.5) 424
   OSPF Messages (8.1.2) 426
       Encapsulating OSPF Messages (8.1.2.1) 426
       Types of OSPF Packets (8.1.2.2) 428
       Hello Packet (8.1.2.3) 428
       Hello Packet Intervals (8.1.2.4) 430
       Link-State Updates (8.1.2.5) 430
   OSPF Operation (8.1.3) 431
       OSPF Operational States (8.1.3.1) 432
       Establish Neighbor Adjacencies (8.1.3.2) 433
       OSPF DR and BDR (8.1.3.3) 435
       Synchronizing OSPF Databases (8.1.3.4) 438
Single-Area OSPFv2 (8.2) 440
   OSPF Router ID (8.2.1) 441
       OSPF Network Topology (8.2.1.1) 441
       Router OSPF Configuration Mode (8.2.1.2) 442
       Router IDs (8.2.1.3) 442
       Configuring an OSPF Router ID (8.2.1.4) 444
       Modifying a Router ID (8.2.1.5) 445
       Using a Loopback Interface as the Router ID (8.2.1.6) 447
   Configure Single-Area OSPFv2 (8.2.2) 448
       Enabling OSPF on Interfaces (8.2.2.1) 448
       Wildcard Mask (8.2.2.2) 448
       The network Command (8.2.2.3) 449
       Passive Interface (8.2.2.4) 450
       Configuring Passive Interfaces (8.2.2.5) 451
   OSPF Cost (8.2.3) 453
       OSPF Metric = Cost (8.2.3.1) 454
       OSPF Accumulates Costs (8.2.3.2) 455
       Adjusting the Reference Bandwidth (8.2.3.3) 456
       Default Interface Bandwidths (8.2.3.4) 460
       Adjusting the Interface Bandwidth (8.2.3.5) 462
       Manually Setting the OSPF Cost (8.2.3.6) 463
   Verify OSPF (8.2.4) 464
       Verify OSPF Neighbors (8.2.4.1) 465
       Verify OSPF Protocol Settings (8.2.4.2) 466
       Verify OSPF Process Information (8.2.4.3) 466
       Verify OSPF Interface Settings (8.2.4.4) 468
Single-Area OSPFv3 (8.3) 469
   OSPFv2 vs. OSPFv3 (8.3.1) 469
       OSPFv3 (8.3.1.1) 469
       Similarities Between OSPFv2 to OSPFv3 (8.3.1.2) 471
       Differences Between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 (8.3.1.3) 471
       Link-Local Addresses (8.3.1.4) 472
   Configuring OSPFv3 (8.3.2) 473
       OSPFv3 Network Topology (8.3.2.1) 473
       Link-Local Addresses (8.3.2.2) 475
       Assigning Link-Local Addresses (8.3.2.3) 476
       Configuring the OSPFv3 Router ID (8.3.2.4) 477
       Modifying an OSPFv3 Router ID (8.3.2.5) 479
       Enabling OSPFv3 on Interfaces (8.3.2.6) 481
   Verify OSPFv3 (8.3.3) 481
       Verify OSPFv3 Neighbors (8.3.3.1) 482
       Verify OSPFv3 Protocol Settings (8.3.3.2) 483
       Verify OSPFv3 Interfaces (8.3.3.3) 483
       Verify the IPv6 Routing Table (8.3.3.4) 484
Summary (8.4) 486
Practice 487
Check Your Understanding Questions 488
Chapter 9 Multiarea OSPF 493
Objectives 493
Key Terms 493
Introduction (9.0.1.1) 494
Multiarea OSPF Operation (9.1) 494
   Why Multiarea OSPF? (9.1.1) 494
       Single-Area OSPF (9.1.1.1) 494
       Multiarea OSPF (9.1.1.2) 495
       OSPF Two-Layer Area Hierarchy (9.1.1.3) 498
       Types of OSPF Routers (9.1.1.4) 499
   Multiarea OSPF LSA Operation (9.1.2) 501
       OSPF LSA Types (9.1.2.1) 502
       OSPF LSA Type 1 (9.1.2.2) 502
       OSPF LSA Type 2 (9.1.2.3) 503
       OSPF LSA Type 3 (9.1.2.4) 504
       OSPF LSA Type 4 (9.1.2.5) 505
       OSPF LSA Type 5 (9.1.2.6) 506
   OSPF Routing Table and Types of Routes (9.1.3) 506
       OSPF Routing Table Entries (9.1.3.1) 507
       OSPF Route Calculation (9.1.3.2) 508
Configuring Multiarea OSPF (9.2) 509
   Configuring Multiarea OSPF (9.2.1) 510
       Implementing Multiarea OSPF (9.2.1.1) 510
       Configuring Multiarea OSPFv2 (9.2.1.2) 511
       Configuring Multiarea OSPFv3 (9.2.1.3) 513
   Verifying Multiarea OSPF (9.2.2) 515
       Verifying Multiarea OSPFv2 (9.2.2.1) 515
       Verify General Multiarea OSPFv2 Settings (9.2.2.2) 515
       Verify the OSPFv2 Routes (9.2.2.3) 516
       Verify the Multiarea OSPFv2 LSDB (9.2.2.4) 517
       Verify Multiarea OSPFv3 (9.2.2.5) 518
Summary (9.3) 522
Practice 523
Check Your Understanding Questions 524
Chapter 10 OSPF Tuning and Troubleshooting 527
Objectives 527
Key Terms 527
Introduction (10.0.1.1) 528
Advanced Single-Area OSPF Configurations (10.1) 528
   OSPF in Multiaccess Networks (10.1.1) 528
       OSPF Network Types (10.1.1.1) 528
       Challenges in Multiaccess Networks (10.1.1.2) 531
       OSPF Designated Router (10.1.1.3) 533
       Verifying DR/BDR Roles (10.1.1.4) 535
       Verifying DR/BDR Adjacencies (10.1.1.5) 538
       Default DR/BDR Election Process (10.1.1.6) 540
       DR/BDR Election Process (10.1.1.7) 541
       The OSPF Priority (10.1.1.8) 544
       Changing the OSPF Priority (10.1.1.9) 544
   Default Route Propagation (10.1.2) 547
       Propagating a Default Static Route in OSPFv2 (10.1.2.1) 547
       Verifying the Propagated IPv4 Default Route (10.1.2.2) 549
       Propagating a Default Static Route in OSPFv3 (10.1.2.3) 551
       Verifying the Propagated IPv6 Default Route (10.1.2.4) 552
   Fine-tuning OSPF Interfaces (10.1.3) 554
       OSPF Hello and Dead Intervals (10.1.3.1) 554
       Modifying OSPFv2 Intervals (10.1.3.2) 555
       Modifying OSPFv3 Intervals (10.1.3.3) 557
Troubleshooting Single-Area OSPF Implementations (10.2) 560
   Components of Troubleshooting Single-Area OSPF (10.2.1) 560
       Overview (10.2.1.1) 560
       OSPF States (10.2.1.2) 560
       OSPF Troubleshooting Commands (10.2.1.3) 562
       Components of Troubleshooting OSPF (10.2.1.4) 566
   Troubleshoot Single-Area OSPFv2 Routing Issues (10.2.2) 569
       Troubleshooting Neighbor Issues (10.2.2.1) 569
       Troubleshooting OSPFv2 Routing Table Issues (10.2.2.2) 573
   Troubleshoot Single-Area OSPFv3 Routing Issues (10.2.3) 576
       OSPFv3 Troubleshooting Commands (10.2.3.1) 576
       Troubleshooting OSPFv3 (10.2.3.2) 580
   Troubleshooting Multiarea OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 (10.2.4) 582
       Multiarea OSPF Troubleshooting Skills (10.2.4.1) 582
       Multiarea OSPF Troubleshooting Data Structures (10.2.4.2) 583
Summary (10.3) 585
Practice 587
Check Your Understanding Questions 587
Appendix A Answers to the Review Questions 591
Glossary 603
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9781587134340Â Â TOCÂ Â 7/18/2017
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