Published by Pearson (February 5, 2009) © 2010
New! Keying to ISLLC Standards: Since most students taking an introductory course in school administration are intending a career path in the public sector and will be in need of state licensing, the linking of the concepts presented in the book with likely licensing requirements is important to both students and instructors.
New! Summary listing of Fundamental Concepts discussed chapter by chapter. Instructors desiring to build a segment or unit around a particular ISLLC Standard or Knowledge Indicator can easily identify relevant supporting sections of the text using the frontpiece table. The listings provide Students with a summary of the key concepts discussed in each chapter.
New! Activities and Case Studies as instructional aids have been embedded in boxes in the text of each chapter with related discussions instead of at the end as in previous editions. Many of the activities are of a nature that the student can complete them as reinforcement before continuing to the next section of the text. The relevant ISLLC Knowledge, Dispositions, and Performances indicators are reported for each activity.
New! Numerous Internet Resources are brought to readers’ attention. This usually takes place through the activities, but occasionally in the text, itself.Through consulting the source directly, the student can gain additional—and updated—information on the topic. The design and content of the website also provides students with insights into the philosophy and style of the sponsor.
Part IÂ Â The Context of Educational Leadership
Chapter 1 The Imperative for Educational ReformÂ
         Adapting to a Global Society Â
Causes for Concern Â
International Comparisons of Academic AchievementÂ
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Trends
Links between Education and Economic ConsiderationsÂ
Family and Peer Influences on School Success Â
The Education Reform Movement Â
Waves of Educational ReformÂ
Emerging Patterns of Reform
The Scope and Structure of School GovernanceÂ
The Historical Development of Public Education Â
The Current Organization of School Governance Â
Summary and Fundamental Concepts Â
References Â
Â
Chapter 2 The Power of Systems Thinking for Educational Change
         Introduction   Â
         Background
Conceptualizing Systems Â
The Development of Systems Thinking Â
Systems Definitions Â
Systems Frameworks Â
Systems Properties Explored Â
Other Properties of Systems
Complex Systems Â
Organizational Implications of Systems Thinking Â
Groundbreaking: Early Organizational Theories
Changes in Management Roles and ContextsÂ
Organizational Change
Contingency Theory
Misconceptions About Systems ThinkingÂ
Systemic Interventions Â
Feedback Requirements
Looking Toward the Future   Â
Unrest in Organizations
Regulating Variety in Organizations
Metaphor and System Modeling in Educational AdministrationÂ
Liberating Systems Theory: The Critical StanceÂ
Summary and Fundamental Concepts
Case Study Â
References Â
Chapter 3 Schools as Organizational Systems   Â
Introduction
Ways of Thinking about Organizations Â
Systems Thinking and Learning Organizations
 Systems Thinking in Education
 Learning Organizations
Internal Processes of Organizations
 Decision Making
 Leadership
 Communications
 Change
Other Characteristics of Organizations
 Power
 Culture
 Size, Structure, and Complexity
 Organizational Health and Effectiveness
Images of Organizations Â
The Machine Metaphor Â
The Organism Metaphor
The Brain Metaphor
Metaphors of New Science
Self-Organizing Organizations Â
Reflections on Organizational Theory and Practice
 Conflicts Between Theory and Practice
 Psychic Prisons
A Fruitful Field for Further Study
Summary and Fundamental Concepts Â
Case StudyÂ
References Â
Part II:Â Functions of Leadership in Learning Organizations
Chapter 4 Leadership for Learning Organizations
         Leadership or ManagementÂ
Conceptualizing Leadership
    Background
Leadership Trait Theories Â
Behavioral Theory Â
Power Influence Â
Leadership Styles
Contingency Theories and Models
Situational Determinants Theories and Models Â
Transformational and Transactional LeadershipÂ
Multiple Approaches to Leadership
Leadership within a Cultural ContextÂ
Women in Authority Â
Leadership for Sustainable Change
A New Paradigm for Leadership Â
Summary and Fundamental Concepts
Case Study Â
References Â
Chapter 5 Human Relations: The Base for Educational Leadership
Introduction
The Development of Human Relations Concepts
 The Stage of Classical Thinking (Pre-1930’s)
 The Stage of Systematic Development (1930-1950)
 The Stage of Teaching and Practice (1950-1960)
 The Stage of Refinement (1960-1970)
 The Stage of Decline (1970-1980)
 The Stage of Evolving (1980- Present)
Conceptualizing Human Relations Theories Â
Definitions of Human Relations Â
Optimistic Assumptions of Human Nature Â
Clinical and Ethical Dimensions Â
The Importance of Human NeedsÂ
Human Motivation and Human Behavior Â
The Role of Motivation in Performance Â
Morale and Productivity Â
The Significance of Informal Organizations Â
The Application of Human Relations ConceptsÂ
Theoretical Perspectives of Human Relations Â
Human Nature Â
Theory X and Theory Y
Pygmalion Leadership
         Human Motivation
Process ModelsÂ
 Expectancy Models
 Behaviorist Models
 Social Learning Models
Content Models Â
 Common Human Needs
 Leadership Considerations
 Motivation at Work
Morale in Organizations Â
Major Morale Factors Â
Morale, Job Satisfaction, and Productivity Â
Approaches to Studying Morale Â
The Quality of Work Life Â
Informal Organizations Â
Informal LeadersÂ
The Effects of Informal Organizations Â
The Inevitability of Informal Organizations Â
Human Relations Theory in Educational Administration Â
Democratic Educational Administration Â
The Human Relations Movement in EducationÂ
From Democratic Administration to Human Relations Management Â
The Effects of the Human Relations Movement on Educational Administration Â
A New Frame of Leadership Â
A New Paradigm for Educational Leadership Â
A Motivational Model for Educational Leadership Â
Contemporary Issues in Human Relations Â
Summary and Fundamental Concepts
Case Study Â
References Â
Chapter 6 Communication: The Breath of Organizational Life   Â
Introduction
Systemic Metaphors of Communication Â
Theory Building and Judgment Â
Diversity in Communication Theories: A Twenty-First Century Paradox Â
Theory Genres in Communication Â
Metaphors and Assumptions in Organizational Communication Â
Distinguishing Features of Organizational Communication Â
Factors Affecting Clarity, Credibility, and Directionality of Organizational Messages Â
Types of Message Directionality Â
Other Factors Affecting Organizational Communication Â
A Sampling of Approaches to Organizational Communication Â
Structural and Functional Approaches Â
Behavioral Approaches Â
Approaches Related to the Process of Organizing Â
Socio-psychological Perspective on Individual Communication in Organizations Â
Pathways to the Future Â
Synthesizing Known Principles of Organizational Communication Â
Combining the Metaphors Â
Moving Forward: Potential New Directions
Creating Effective Communication in an Organization Â
Summary and Fundamental Concepts
Case Study Â
References Â
Part III. Values, Analysis, and Information
Chapter 7 The Impact of Personal Values on Decision Outcomes
          Â
IntroductionÂ
Â
Philosophical Guides to Leadership Â
Idealism Â
Liberalism/Libertarianism Â
Realism, Logical Positivism, and Postpositivism Â
Pragmatism Â
Critical TheoryÂ
Interpretivistic Theory/Constructivism Â
Existentialism Â
Implications for Inquiry and Practice
Value and Value Systems Â
Values Defined Â
Values and Archetypes of Leadership Â
Values as Part of Organizational CulturesÂ
Organizational Leadership: Values and Vision Â
Values, Democracy, and Followership Â
MetavaluesÂ
Values Analysis
 Reflection in Practice
 Identifying Theories-in-Practice of Organizations
 Value Analysis of Problems Â
Inquiry into Educational IssuesÂ
 Paradigms of InquiryÂ
 Inquiry and Educational AdministrationÂ
 Quandaries of InquiryÂ
    Simple to Complex
    Heirarchical to Heterarchical
    Determenacy to Indetermenacy
    Linear Causality to Mutual Causality
    Assembly to Morphogenesis
    Objective to Perceptual
Inquiry Processes and the Paradigm DebatesÂ
Summary and Fundamental ConceptsÂ
Case Study Â
References Â
Chapter 8 EvaluationÂ
IntroductionÂ
 BackgroundÂ
Educational Evaluation: A Brief HistoryÂ
The Early Beginnings of Evaluation
The Modern Development Stages of EvaluationÂ
The Basic Aspects of Educational Evaluation Â
Commonality Within Diversity Â
Evaluation Modes and PurposesÂ
Evaluation Targets and ProcessesÂ
Evaluation Perspectives and Models Â
Applications of Educational Evaluation
 Evaluation:Teachers
    Perspectives on Teaching and Teacher Evaluation
    Purposes of Teacher Evaluation
    Teacher Evaluation Methods
    Teacher Evaluation Models
 Evaluation: Administrators
    Purposes of Administrative Evaluation
    Principles of Administrative Evaluation
    Administrative Evaluation Models
 Program Evaluation Â
    Perspectives on Program Evaluation
    Program Evaluation Approaches and Models
    Examples of Program Evaluation Models
Standards and Requirements for Educational EvaluationÂ
Requirements for Conducting Evaluations Â
Evaluation and AccountabilityÂ
The Future
Summary and Fundamental ConceptsÂ
Case Study Â
ReferencesÂ
Chapter 9 The Role of Information Technology
Types of Information Systems and Their Uses
Informal Information Systems
Formal Information Systems Â
Types of Information SystemsÂ
 Integrated Information Systems
Using Information Systems Â
The Role of Information Technology in Instruction and Learning Â
Technological Change and Education Â
Emerging Information Age Schools
  Personalization/Individualization of Instruction
  New Roles for Teachers and Other Staff
         Prototype and Implemented Integrated Information Systems to Manage Individualized Instruction
             The Information Age System
             The Breakthrough System
             Making Schools Smarter System
             Student@Centre Internet and CASE21
Summary and Fundamental ConceptsÂ
References Â
Part IV:Â Â Decision Making
Â
Chapter 10   Educational Policy Formulation in a Mixed Economy   Â
Education: A Public and Private Good Â
The Influence of the Marketplace on Public Policy Â
The Free Market Â
Government and the Market Â
         Issues Involved in Governmental Intervention
             When Should the Government Intervene?
                  External Economics
                  Extraordinary Risks
                  Natural Monopolies
                  Other Reasons for Intervention
             Alternative Methods of Governmental Intervention
Allocation of Authority among Levels of Government and Individuals
Models of Political Decision MakingÂ
Institutionalism Â
Systems Theory Â
Incrementalism Â
Group Theory Â
Elite Theory Â
Rationalism Â
Distinctions between Judicial and Legislative Influence on Educational Policy Formulation Â
      Impact of Collective Bargaining on Policy Formulation
Examining Educational Reform Efforts within Political        FrameworksÂ
             Reform at the District Level
                  Edmonton
                  Chicago
                  Houston
                  Seattle
             State Level Reforms
                  KentuckyÂ
Summary and Fundamental Concepts
ReferencesÂ
Chapter 11Â District and School-Based Decision Making: Strategy Formation and Planning
                       IntroductionÂ
Decision-Making ModelsÂ
 Normative ModelsÂ
    The Economic Model
    The Expected Utility Model
 Descriptive Models
    The Administrative Model
Idiographic Factors that Influence Decision Making
Decision-making Heuristics and Biases
 Representativeness
 Anchoring and Adjustment
 Confirmation Bias
 Hindsight Bias Â
Group and Participative Decision Making
Common Errors in Administrative Decision Making
The Implications of Systems Theory and Decision MakingÂ
Strategy Formation and Planning at the District and School LevelsÂ
Strategy Formation Â
 Visioning
 Mission Statements
 Belief Statements
 Strategic Policies
Planning Â
 Intermediate Planning
 Internal and External Analyses
 Gap Analyses
 Strategic Objectives
 Integrated Action Plans
Tactical Planning Including Budgeting
 Tactical Planning
 Budgeting
School-Based Decision Making
Arguments for Administrative Decentralization
  School-Level Strategy Formation and Planning
  School Based Budgeting Â
Summary and Fundamental Concepts
Case StudyÂ
References Â
Chapter 12Â The Allocation of Resources to and within Educational Organizations: Adequacy, Equity, and EfficiencyÂ
Equity in the Allocation of Resources to Schooling Â
The Extent of Inequities in Resource Allocation Â
Intra-district Equity Studies Â
Summary of Horizontal Equity Considerations
Defining and Measuring Adequacy Â
Econometric Approaches
Empirical Approaches
Using Whole School Reform Models and Professional Expertise
Promoting High Student Achievement Efficiently
 External Efficiency
 Rate of Return Approach
 Internal Efficiency
 Context
 Education Production Functions
 Production Functions Explained
 Illustrative Production Functions Studies
Technical Efficiency
 Effective Schools Research
 Evaluation Studies
 School Reform Networks
         Economies and Diseconomies of Scale
Aligning Economic and Technical Efficiency
 Current Practice
 Rethinking the Allocation of Teacher Resources
Summary and Fundamental Concepts
References Â
Part V:Â Â Implementation of Systemic Change
Chapter 13   Systemic Change   Â
Introduction
Basic Issues Â
What Is Change?Â
Types of ChangeÂ
Resistance to ChangeÂ
Theoretical Implications of Change Â
Strategies for Change Â
Models for Planned Change and Their Use Â
Problem-Solving Models Â
Research—Development—Diffusion—Utilization Models Â
Social Interaction Models Â
Linkage Models Â
Organizational Variables within Models Â
Leadership and Change Â
What Is a Change Agent or Change System? Â
Characteristics of Effective Change Agents Â
Functions of Effective Change Agents Â
Managing Planned Change Â
Decision Making Â
Effecting Educational Change Â
Models for Educational Change Â
Phases of Educational Change Â
Effective Change Agents in Schools Â
Planning for a Changing Future in Education Â
The Fate of Educational Changes Â
Problematic Features of Change
Challenge and Opportunity
Summary and Fundamental Concepts
Case Studies Â
References Â
Chapter 14Â Â Â Educational Leadership in a Flat World
The Challenge
Responses to the Challenge
 Structural Reform
    Standards-Based Accountability
    Parental Choice of Schooling
    School-Based Decision Making
 School Reforms
    Whole-School Reform
    Small Schools
    Extended School Day and Year
 Curricular Reforms
    Subject Matter
    Individualized Instruction
    Professional Development
Critique of the Reform Efforts
Systems Theory as a Guide for Education Leaders
Implications for Persons in Leadership Positions in Education
 Coordinating a System of Schools
 Transformational Leadership
 Moral Leadership
 Visioning
 School Culture and Participatory Democracy
Parting Thoughts
References Â
Name Index Â
Subject Index
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