Table of contents
- 1. The Science of Psychology Coming soon
- Goals of Psychology
- The Profession of Psychology
- In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James
- Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism
- Modern Perspectives
- Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking
- The Scientific Approach
- Descriptive Methods
- Correlations: Finding Relationships
- The Experiment
- The Guidelines for Doing Research with People
- Animal Research
- 2. The Biological Perspective Coming soon
- Reductionism and Holistic Models
- Epigenetic Models
- Evolutionary Models
- Structure of the Neuron
- The Neural Impulse
- Neurotransmission
- Methods for Studying Specific Regions of the Brain
- Neuroimaging Techniques
- The Hindbrain
- Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System
- The Cortex
- The Association Areas of the Cortex
- The Cerebral Hemispheres
- The Central Nervous System
- The Peripheral Nervous System
- The Pituitary Gland
- Other Endocrine Glands
- 3. Sensation and Perception Coming soon
- 4. Consciousness Coming soon
- What is Consciousness?
- Unconscious States and the Unconscious Mind
- Altered States of Consciousness
- The Biology of Sleep
- Why We Sleep
- The Stages of Sleep
- Sleep Disorders
- Why Do We Dream?
- What Do People Dream About?
- How Hypnosis Works
- Meditation
- Dependence
- Stimulants
- Depressants (alcohol, barbituates, opioids)
- Hallucinogens (LSD, MDMA, Marijuana)
- 5. Learning Coming soon
- Definition of Learning
- Habituation and Sensitization
- Biological Preparedness
- Reward Circuits
- Pavlov's Framework
- Principles of Classical Conditioning
- Applications of Classical Conditioning
- The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner
- The Concept of Reinforcement
- Schedules of Reinforcement
- The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning
- Other Aspects of Operant Conditioning
- Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification
- Forms of Cognitive Learning
- Learned Helplessness
- Factors that Influence Learning
- Bandura and the Bobo Doll
- The Four Elements of Observational Learning
- 6. Memory Coming soon
- Three Processes of Memory
- Models of Memory
- Sensory Memory
- Short-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Retrieval Cues
- Recall and Recognition
- Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories
- The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable are Memories?
- Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve #1
- Reasons We Forget
- The Biological Bases of Memory
- When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia
- 7. Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language Coming soon
- The Basics of Thought
- Problem Solving
- Reasoning and Judgement
- Creativity
- Theories of Intelligence
- Measuring Intelligence
- Test Construction
- Individual Differences in Intelligence
- The Nature/Nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence
- The Levels of Language Analysis
- Development of Language
- Neurolinguistics
- The Relationship Between Language and Thought
- Animal Studies in Language
- 8. Development Across the Life Span Coming soon
- Lifespan Approach to Development
- Measuring Developmental Change
- Key Issues in Development
- Nature and Nurture
- The Basic Building Blocks of Development
- Fertilization
- Three Stages of Development
- Physical Development
- Cognitive Development
- Psychosocial Development
- Physical Development
- Cognitive Development
- Psychosocial Development
- Physical Development
- Cognitive Development
- Psychosocial Development
- Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging
- Stages of Death and Dying
- Death and Dying in Other Cultures
- 9. Motivation and Emotion Coming soon
- Defining Motivation
- Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation
- Psychological Needs
- Arousal and Incentive Approaches
- Humanistic Approaches
- Causes of Hunger
- Eating Disorders
- Achievement Motivation
- The Three Elements of Emotion
- Early Theories of Emotion
- Cognitive Theories of Emotion
- Emotional Experience
- Emotional Expression
- Culture and Gender
- 10. Sexuality and Gender Coming soon
- 11. Stress and Health Coming soon
- The Relationship Between Stress and Stressors
- Environmental Stressors: Life’s Ups and Downs
- Psychological Stressors: What, me Worry?
- The General Adaptation Syndrome
- The Immune System and Stress
- Health Psychology
- Cognitive Factors in Stress
- Personality Factors in Stress
- Social and Cultural Factors in Stress: People Who Need People
- Coping Strategies
- How Social Support Affects Coping
- 12. Social Psychology Coming soon
- Conformity
- Group Behavior
- Compliance
- Obedience
- Attitudes
- Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion
- Cognitive Dissonance
- Impression Formation
- Attribution
- Prejudice and Discrimination
- How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice
- Interpersonal Attraction
- Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
- Aggression
- Prosocial Behavior
- 13. Theories of Personality Coming soon
- Theories of Personality
- Culture and Personality
- Freud’s Conception of Personality
- Stages of Personality Development
- The Neo-Freudians
- Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective
- Learning Theories
- Current Thoughts on the Behavioral and Social Cognitive Learning Views
- Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective
- Current Thoughts on the Humanistic View of Personality
- Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Trait
- Modern Trait Theories: The Big Five
- Current Thoughts on the Trait Perspective
- The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics
- The Biology of Personality: Neuroscience
- Current Thoughts on the Heritability and Neuroscience of Personality
- Why Measure Personality?
- Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inv
- Projective Tests
- 14. Psychological Disorders Coming soon
- Criteria for Abnormality
- The DSM-5
- Abnormality and Culture
- Diagnostic Labels
- Prevalence of Psychological Disorders
- Causes of Abnormality
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Schizophrenia
- Bipolar Disorders
- Depressive Disorders
- Anxiety Disorders
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Dissociative Disorders
- Somatic Symptom Disorders
- Impulse Control Disorders
- Personality Disorders
- 15. Psychological Therapies Coming soon
- 16. Statistics in Psychology Coming soon
- What Are Statistics?
- Frequency Distributions
- Measures of Central Tendency
- Measures of Variability
- Looking at Differences: Statistical Significance
- The Correlation Coefficient
- What Is Applied Psychology?
- Types of Psychological Professionals
- Careers with a Master’s Degree in Psychology
- Careers with a Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology
- Areas of Specialization
- Psychology Beyond the Classroom
- What Are Industrial-Organizational Psychology and Human Factors Psychology?
- The History of Industrial-Organizational Psychology and the
5. Learning
Applications of Classical Conditioning
Multiple Choice
Multiple ChoiceDr. Rubio is conducting an experiment in classical conditioning. Shortly after playing music, she places a loaf of bread on the window sill outside her office window. After doing this a number of times, she notices that now, just as she begins to play her music, several birds fly to her window even before she presents the bread. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?
A
The bread
B
The sound of the window opening
C
Dr. Rubio's lab coat
D
The music
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