Time-out is an example of

• A. shaping.
• B. punishment by removal.
• C. negative reinforcement.
• D. punishment by application.

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of 'time-out' in psychology. It is a behavioral modification technique used to reduce undesirable behavior by removing the individual from a reinforcing environment.
2. Identify the key terms in the options: 'shaping', 'punishment by removal', 'negative reinforcement', and 'punishment by application'.
3. Define 'shaping': It is a process of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior until the exact behavior is achieved.
4. Define 'punishment by removal': It involves taking away a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring.
5. Compare the definition of 'time-out' with the definitions of the options to determine which one aligns with the concept of removing a reinforcing environment to decrease behavior.