Mirror Equation - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
On a tight schedule?
Get a 10 bullets summary of the topic
1
concept
Mirror Equation
Video duration:
9m
Play a video:
Video transcript
Hey guys in this video, we're gonna talk about an equation for mirrors. That'll tell us pretty much everything that we need to know about the images produced by mirrors before we had to rely on ray diagrams, which are notoriously difficult to draw. Then are really only good for qualitative information. With the mirror equation. We'll be able to get definite quantitative information such as the image location, whether it's real or virtual, whether it's upright, inverted, et cetera. OK. Let's get to it. What we're gonna focus on are spherical mirrors. And that's basically all that you ever see. OK. What a spherical mirror is is it's a mirror that's cut from a sphere. OK. It's not really cut from a sphere. These are shaped to exist as if they had been part of a sphere. OK. So if you see the solid piece right here, the shaded in piece, that's our actual mirror. What I've gone ahead and done is drawn with dashed lines, the sphere that this mirror appears to be part of. OK. And that sphere has a radius R OK. Now, the mirror because it's a piece of this imaginary sphere that doesn't actually exist, it's still defined by that radius. And we call that for a curve, we call it the radius of curvature. That would be the radius of the sphere that that piece belonged to if it was part of a sphere. OK. Now, the focal length only depends upon this radius of curvature and it's just R divided by two. OK. Really easy to remember the focal length of a mirror, half the radius of its curvature. OK. Once you know the focal length for any spherical mirror, we have the mirror equation to determine where the image is located. OK, we would say that one over the object distance. How far the object is from the mirror plus one over the image distance? How far the image is from the mirror equals one over the focal length of that mirror, right, which is just as we saw R over two, OK. In order to use the mirror equation properly, there are some sign conventions that we need to memorize. OK, a concave mirror which is a converging mirror, right? It's a mirror that when collated light comes into it, that collated light eventually focuses onto a single point that converging mirror, the concave mirror has a positive focal length. OK, always a positive focal length by convention and it can produce images that have a positive image distance or a negative image distance. And we'll talk about what that means in a second convex mirrors. On the other hand, are diverging mirrors. When you have initially coined light coming at it, that light is spread apart, that light is never focused. OK. And by convention, we assign convex mirrors negative focal lengths and they can only produce negative image distances. OK. For plane mirrors which neither converge nor diverge light, we say by convention that the focal length is infinity, that's how we're going to use it in the mirror equation. And it too can only produce negative image distances. OK. So let's talk about these image distances. And what it means if we have a positive image distance, this image is real and inverted. OK. Those two are always paired, all real images are always inverted. OK? And they always have a positive image distance. If the image distance is negative, this image is virtual and it's upright. This always goes together all virtual images are always upright and they always have a negative image distance. OK. So which of the three types of mirrors can produce a real image. The only one that could produce a real image is a concave mirror and this should have seemed obvious a real image is only formed by a convergence of light. And the only mirror that could converge light is the concave mirror. Any mirror that doesn't converge light cannot produce a real image. So the other two types of mirrors are stuck producing virtual images. OK. Lastly straight. As a result of the mirror equation, it's really easy to find the magnification of an image which is how tall it is relative to the object's height. And this is given by this equation right here in this orange box. Now, the negative sign is a convention that may or may not be included in your textbooks and your lectures and any other resources you have. What that negative sign is there for is to tell you whether or not the image is upright or inverted. OK. If you have a positive magnification, the image is upright. If you have a negative magnification, the image is inverted. How do you get a positive magnification? Si has to be negative which means the image has to be virtual. How do you get a negative magnification? Ss I has to be positive which means the image has to be inverted. OK. Sorry. The image has to be real because that information is already given right here. You don't actually need the negative sign of this equation. It's just a convention. But what the equation tells you is the size of the image relative to the object. If the magnification is two, the object is twice as tall. The magnification is half the object is half as tall. OK. Sorry the image, if the magnification is two, the image is twice as tall. If the magnification is half the image is half as tall. OK. Let's do a quick example, a 1.4 m tall person stands 1 m in front of a plain mirror, where is the person's image located? And how tall is it? OK. So we have our mirror equation which is always going to tell us where our image is located. Now, the thing here is that the focal length is actually infinity, right? And one divided by infinity is zero. What this means is if I move the image distance to the other side, we have that one over the image distance is the negative of one over the object distance. Or that the image distance is the negative of the object distance. So it's negative 1 m, right? A person stands 1 m in front of a mirror. So if the object distance is 1 m, the image distance is negative 1 m. What does that mean about the image? Is it real or is it virtual? It's clearly virtual? And we knew this already that a plain mirror can only produce virtual images. Now how tall is it? Well to find the height, we need to use the magnification equation and I'll use the sign just to be proper about this. This is negative si over. So which is negative 1 m over 1 m, which is positive one. The positive means that this image is upright. This is why the sign is pretty much relevant in the magnification equation. We already knew that because this image distance was negative, this image was virtual and therefore it had to be upright. So we didn't gain any new information from the magnification or the sign of the magnification. But a magnification of one means that the height of the image has to equal the height of the object, which as we're told is 1.4 m. OK. This wraps up our discussion on the mirror equation. All right guys. Thanks for watching.
2
example
Example 1
Video duration:
4m
Play a video:
Video transcript
Hey guys, let's do an example, a five centimeter tall object is placed 10 centimeters in front of a convex mirror. If the radius of curvature of the mirror is two centimeters. Where is the image located? Is the image real or virtual? Is the image upright or inverted? And what is the height of the image? OK. Now, the first three questions are all given to us by the image distance. The answer to those questions is given to us by the image distance, right based on the image distance, we know where the image is located. Obviously, we know whether it's real or virtual based on the sign and we know whether it's upright or inverted based on whether it's real or virtual. So really those first three questions are answered by the same piece of information. All right, in order to find that image distance, we need to use our mirror equation that one over the object distance plus one over the image distance is one over the focal length question is now what is the focal length? Well, the focal length is gonna be R over two in magnitude. But since this is a convex mirror we know by convention, the focal length has to be negative. So I'm gonna put a little negative sign in here so that I don't forget and I don't mess up the problem because I used the wrong sign. The radius of curvature is two centimeters. So there's a negative 2/2 which is negative one centimeter. Now I can use the mirror equation. So let me rewrite it to solve or sorry to isolate for the image distance. This is one over S minus one over S not this is gonna be one over negative one minus 1/10. OK. And if you want, you can simplify this to use the least common denominator. This is negative 10/10 minus 1/10 which is negative 11/10. And then that makes finding the image distance as simple as just reciprocating the answer. OK. This is where a lot of students make mistakes. You are finding one over si you are not finding si this is not the final answer. The reciprocal of it is the final answer. And that is negative 0.91 centimeters Kate. That's the image distance. Now is this image real or virtual? Well, it's negative. So it is virtual. Is it upright or inverted? Well, since it's virtual, it has to be upright. So this is virtual and upright. OK. Those two have to go together and they always go with a negative image distance. The only thing left is to find the height of the image which is given to us by the magnification. So the magnification and I'm just gonna drop the sign because the sign is frankly a waste of time. We already know that it's upright. So we don't care about the sign of magnification. The image distance is 0.91 the object distance is 10. So this is gonna be 0.09. That's the magnification. That means that the image height is 0.09 times the object height and the object is five centimeters tall. So this is 0.45 centimeters. So if we want to sum up all the information about this image, it is located 0.91 centimeters from the mirror, technically behind the mirror, it is a virtual image which is upright and has a height of 0.45 centimeters. All right guys, that wraps up this problem. Thanks for watching.
3
Problem
Problem
A 4 cm tall object is placed 15 cm in front of a concave mirror with a focal length of 5 cm. Where is the image produced? Is this image real or virtual? Is it upright or inverted? What is the height of the image?
A
si = 7.5cm; Real; Inverted, 2cm
B
si = 15cm; Real; Inverted, 4cm
C
si = 0.13 cm; Real; Inverted, 0.0087cm
D
si = -7.5cm; Real; Inverted, -2cm
4
Problem
Problem
You want to produce a mirror that can produce an upright image that would be twice as tall as the object when placed 5 cm in front of it. What shape should this mirror be? What radius of curvature should the mirror have?