Predict the product of the substitution reactions, paying attention to the stereochemical outcome.
(a)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the type of substitution reaction: Determine whether the reaction is SN1 or SN2 based on the substrate (primary, secondary, or tertiary carbon), the nucleophile (strong or weak), the solvent (polar protic or aprotic), and the leaving group.
2. Analyze the substrate: If the carbon attached to the leaving group is tertiary, the reaction is likely SN1. If it is primary or secondary, consider SN2 unless steric hindrance or other factors favor SN1.
3. Consider the stereochemical implications: For SN2 reactions, the nucleophile attacks the carbon opposite the leaving group, leading to an inversion of configuration (if the carbon is chiral). For SN1 reactions, the intermediate carbocation is planar, allowing the nucleophile to attack from either side, resulting in a racemic mixture if the carbon is chiral.
4. Predict the product: Replace the leaving group with the nucleophile in the structure of the substrate. For SN2, ensure the stereochemistry is inverted. For SN1, consider both possible stereoisomers if the carbon is chiral.
5. Verify the reaction conditions: Ensure that the reaction conditions (e.g., solvent, temperature) are consistent with the proposed mechanism and product formation.

Key Concepts

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Nucleophilic substitution reactions involve the replacement of a leaving group in a molecule by a nucleophile. These reactions can occur via two main mechanisms: SN1, which is a two-step process involving carbocation formation, and SN2, which is a one-step process where the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for predicting the products and stereochemical outcomes of the reactions.

Stereochemistry

Stereochemistry refers to the study of the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules and how this affects their chemical behavior. In substitution reactions, the stereochemical outcome can vary significantly depending on whether the reaction follows an SN1 or SN2 mechanism. For example, SN2 reactions result in inversion of configuration at the chiral center, while SN1 reactions can lead to racemization due to the formation of a planar carbocation intermediate.

Leaving Groups

Leaving groups are atoms or groups that can depart from the parent molecule during a chemical reaction, facilitating nucleophilic substitution. The ability of a leaving group to stabilize the negative charge after departure is critical; good leaving groups, such as halides or sulfonate esters, enhance the reaction rate. Identifying the nature of the leaving group is essential for predicting the feasibility and outcome of substitution reactions.