Use curved arrows (like those in Figure 22.3) to write an equation for the conversion of fructose to fructose 6-phosphate by ATP. At what step does fructose 6-phosphate enter glycolysis?
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Identify the reactants and products: Fructose and ATP are the reactants, and fructose 6-phosphate and ADP are the products.
Draw the structure of fructose and identify the hydroxyl group that will be phosphorylated.
Use a curved arrow to show the transfer of the phosphate group from ATP to the hydroxyl group on fructose, forming fructose 6-phosphate.
Draw the structure of ATP and show the breaking of the bond between the terminal phosphate group and the rest of the ATP molecule, resulting in ADP.
Fructose 6-phosphate enters glycolysis at the second step, where it is converted to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by the enzyme phosphofructokinase.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Curved Arrows in Organic Chemistry
Curved arrows are used in organic chemistry to represent the movement of electrons during chemical reactions. They indicate the direction of electron flow, showing how bonds are formed or broken. Understanding how to use these arrows is essential for illustrating reaction mechanisms, such as the phosphorylation of fructose by ATP.
Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, often using ATP as the phosphate donor. This modification can alter the molecule's activity, solubility, or ability to participate in further reactions. In the case of fructose, phosphorylation converts it to fructose 6-phosphate, a key step in metabolic pathways.
Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and other sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP. It consists of a series of enzymatic reactions, and fructose 6-phosphate is an intermediate that enters glycolysis after its formation. Understanding where fructose 6-phosphate fits into this pathway is crucial for grasping cellular respiration and energy production.