Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that facilitate the transfer of electrons from electron donors like FADH₂ to electron acceptors. This process generates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation, ultimately producing ATP as a result of the energy released during electron transfer.
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Intro to Electron Transport Chain Concept 1
FADH₂ and ATP Yield
FADH₂ is a reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide that plays a crucial role in cellular respiration. When FADH₂ is oxidized back to FAD in the electron transport chain, it contributes to the production of ATP. Typically, the oxidation of one molecule of FADH₂ yields approximately 1.5 ATP molecules, as it enters the ETC at a lower energy level compared to NADH.
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of cellular respiration, where ATP is produced using the energy derived from the electron transport chain. This process involves the transfer of electrons through a series of complexes, leading to the pumping of protons across the mitochondrial membrane, which creates a proton motive force. ATP synthase then utilizes this force to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP.
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Oxidative Phosphorylation Concept 2