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Ch. 23 - Developmental Genetics
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All textbooksKlug 12th EditionCh. 23 - Developmental GeneticsProblem 17

Chapter 22, Problem 17

One of the most interesting aspects of early development is the remodeling of the cell cycle from rapid cell divisions, apparently lacking G1 and G2 phases, to slower cell cycles with measurable G1 and G2 phases and checkpoints. During this remodeling, maternal mRNAs that specify cyclins are deadenylated, and zygotic genes are activated to produce cyclins. Audic et al. [(2001). Mol. and Cell. Biol. 21:1662–1671] suggest that deadenylation requires transcription of zygotic genes. Present a diagram that captures the significant features of these findings.

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Hello, everyone and welcome to today's video. Today, we need to identify which of the following is falls above psychotic jeans. And remember that the psychotic genes are going to be genes expressed in the early embryo. Knowing that let's go over each of our answer choices so that we may solve the problem. First of all, we have a, they're activated or repressed according to a positional gradient of maternal gene products. Since they're still in the early embryo, the psychotic genes are going to depend on maternal gene products in order to control their expression in order to be activated or repressed. This is a correct statement. So we're going to cancel it then be these are transcribed in the embryonic nuclear form after fertilization again. And we're going to write this down. These are form or expressed in the early embryos, what are called psychotic jeans. These are correct statement. So we're going to cancel it out. Then we have this includes segmentation and homoerotic selector genes. Remember that this type of genes are going to be extremely important in determining the structure of the organism and of the embryo. Because of this, it makes sense that they are expressed early in development. This is correct as well and we're going to cancel it out and then we have seen the product of these genes are pressed placed in the developing egg by the mother flight. Well, this is going to be or incorrect statement because the statement is going to apply instead to maternal a fact. Jeans. So these maternal effect genes are going to be the are going to be, the genes are placed in the developing egg by the mother fly. These are not going to be psychotic genes. So this is the incorrect semen that we were looking for. And we're going to highlight it as a final answer to a question. I really hope this helped you and I hope to see you on the next one.
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Textbook Question

The maternal-effect mutation bicoid (bcd) is recessive. In the absence of the bicoid protein product, embryogenesis is not completed. Consider a cross between a female heterozygous for the bicoid alleles (bcd⁺/bcd⁻) and a male homozygous for the mutation (bcd⁻/bcd⁻).

How is it possible for a male homozygous for the mutation to exist?

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Textbook Question

The maternal-effect mutation bicoid (bcd) is recessive. In the absence of the bicoid protein product, embryogenesis is not completed. Consider a cross between a female heterozygous for the bicoid alleles (bcd⁺/bcd⁻) and a male homozygous for the mutation (bcd⁻/bcd⁻).

Predict the outcome (normal vs. failed embryogenesis) in the F₁ and F₂ generations of the cross described.

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Textbook Question
Formation of germ cells in Drosophila and many other embryos is dependent on their position in the embryo and their exposure to localized cytoplasmic determinants. Nuclei exposed to cytoplasm in the posterior end of Drosophila eggs (the pole plasm) form cells that develop into germ cells under the direction of maternally derived components. R. Amikura et al. [(2001). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 98:9133–9138] consistently found mitochondria-type ribosomes outside mitochondria in the germ plasma of Drosophila embryos and postulated that they are intimately related to germ-cell specification. If you were studying this phenomenon, what would you want to know about the activity of these ribosomes?
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Textbook Question

A number of genes that control expression of Hox genes in Drosophila have been identified. One of these homozygous mutants is extra sex combs, where some of the head and all of the thorax and abdominal segments develop as the last abdominal segment. In other words, all affected segments develop as posterior segments. What does this phenotype tell you about which set of Hox genes is controlled by the extra sex combs gene?

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Textbook Question

The apterous gene in Drosophila encodes a protein required for wing patterning and growth. It is also known to function in nerve development, fertility, and viability. When human and mouse genes whose protein products closely resemble apterous were used to generate transgenic Drosophila [Rincon-Limas et al. (1999). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 96:2165–2170], the apterous mutant phenotype was rescued. In addition, the whole-body expression patterns in the transgenic Drosophila were similar to normal apterous.

What is meant by the term rescued in this context?

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Textbook Question

The apterous gene in Drosophila encodes a protein required for wing patterning and growth. It is also known to function in nerve development, fertility, and viability. When human and mouse genes whose protein products closely resemble apterous were used to generate transgenic Drosophila [Rincon-Limas et al. (1999). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 96:2165–2170], the apterous mutant phenotype was rescued. In addition, the whole-body expression patterns in the transgenic Drosophila were similar to normal apterous.

What do these results indicate about the molecular nature of development?

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