Name each disubstituted benzene. b.

Key Concepts

Disubstituted Benzene

Disubstituted benzene refers to a benzene ring that has two substituent groups attached to it. The positions of these substituents can significantly affect the chemical properties and reactivity of the compound. The naming of disubstituted benzenes follows specific rules based on the relative positions of the substituents, which can be ortho (1,2-), meta (1,3-), or para (1,4-).

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds

The nomenclature of aromatic compounds, particularly disubstituted benzenes, is governed by the IUPAC naming conventions. The base name is derived from benzene, and the substituents are named and numbered according to their positions on the ring. When naming, the substituents are listed in alphabetical order, and the lowest possible numbers are assigned to the substituents to indicate their positions.

Substituent Effects

Substituent effects refer to how different groups attached to a benzene ring influence its reactivity and the positions where additional substituents can attach. Electron-donating groups (EDGs) tend to direct new substituents to the ortho and para positions, while electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) typically direct them to the meta position. Understanding these effects is crucial for predicting the behavior of disubstituted benzenes in chemical reactions.