List three ways in which the properties of boron differ from those of the other group 3A elements.

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1. Boron is a metalloid, while the other elements in Group 3A (Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium) are metals. This means that boron has properties of both metals and nonmetals, while the other elements in this group are primarily metallic in nature.

2. Boron has a much higher melting point and boiling point compared to the other elements in Group 3A. This is due to the strong covalent bonding in boron, while the other elements in this group have metallic bonding which is generally weaker.

3. Boron is less reactive than the other elements in Group 3A. This is because boron has a stable half-filled p orbital, making it less likely to participate in chemical reactions. The other elements in Group 3A are more reactive due to their tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions.

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Key Concepts

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Group 3A Elements

Group 3A elements, also known as Group 13 in the periodic table, include boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium. These elements share similar valence electron configurations, typically having three electrons in their outer shell. However, their properties can vary significantly due to differences in atomic size, electronegativity, and metallic character as you move down the group.

Metalloid vs. Metal

Boron is classified as a metalloid, which means it exhibits properties of both metals and nonmetals, such as being a poor conductor of electricity and having a high melting point. In contrast, the other Group 3A elements are metals, characterized by good electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility. This distinction leads to significant differences in their chemical reactivity and physical properties.

Oxidation States

Boron primarily exhibits a +3 oxidation state in its compounds, but it can also show a +1 state in certain cases. The other Group 3A elements predominantly exhibit +3 oxidation states as well, but they can also form +1 oxidation states more readily due to their metallic nature. This difference in oxidation states influences the types of compounds formed and their chemical behavior.

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