Suppose that tests of a municipal water system reveal the presence of bromate ion, BrO3-. What are the likely origins of this ion?

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand that bromate ion (BrO3-) is a polyatomic ion that can form under certain conditions in water systems.

Step 2: Recognize that bromate can be formed as a byproduct during the disinfection of water, particularly when ozone (O3) is used as a disinfectant.

Step 3: Consider that bromate formation can occur when bromide ions (Br-) present in the water react with ozone during the ozonation process.

Step 4: Note that bromate can also form when chlorine dioxide is used as a disinfectant, although this is less common compared to ozonation.

Step 5: Understand that the presence of bromate in drinking water is a concern due to its potential health effects, and water treatment facilities must monitor and control its levels.

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In the lime soda process once used in large scale munici-pal water softening, calcium hydroxide prepared from lime and sodium carbonate are added to precipitate Ca2+ as CaCO3(s) and Mg2+ as Mg(OH)2(s): Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → CaCO3(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) → MgOH2(aq) How many moles of Ca(OH)2 and Na2CO3 should be added to soften (remove the Ca2+ and Mg2+) 1200 L of water in which [Ca2+] = 5.0x10-4 M and [Mg2+] = 7.0x10-4 M?

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