Ch. 32 - Deuterostome Animals

Problem 10

Chapter 31, Problem 10

Humans possess which of the following traits? Select True or False for each trait. T/F triploblasty T/F parthenogenesis T/F viviparity T/F metamorphosis

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Identify the meaning of each term: Triploblasty refers to organisms that develop from three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction where an offspring is produced without fertilization. Viviparity is a mode of reproduction in which the embryo develops inside the body of the mother, leading to live birth. Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure.

Assess the relevance of each trait to humans: Humans are triploblastic, meaning they develop from three germ layers. Humans do not reproduce through parthenogenesis; they reproduce sexually requiring fertilization. Humans are viviparous, giving birth to live young rather than laying eggs. Humans do not undergo metamorphosis as their development involves gradual maturation and not abrupt changes in form.

Assign True or False based on the assessment: Triploblasty is true for humans as they develop from three germ layers. Parthenogenesis is false for humans as they reproduce sexually. Viviparity is true for humans as they give birth to live young. Metamorphosis is false for humans as they do not undergo abrupt changes in form after birth.

Review the assignment for accuracy: Ensure that the True or False assignments accurately reflect human biological traits.

Finalize the response: T/F triploblasty - True, T/F parthenogenesis - False, T/F viviparity - True, T/F metamorphosis - False

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Triploblasty

Triploblasty refers to the presence of three primary germ layers in the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This characteristic is typical of higher animals, including humans, and is crucial for the development of complex tissues and organs. Understanding triploblasty helps in comprehending the evolutionary relationships among different animal groups.

Parthenogenesis

Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into an organism without fertilization. While it is common in some invertebrates and plants, humans do not reproduce this way. Recognizing the distinction between sexual and asexual reproduction is essential for understanding human reproductive biology.

Viviparity

Viviparity is a reproductive strategy where embryos develop inside the body of the mother, leading to live birth. Humans are viviparous, as they give birth to live young rather than laying eggs. This concept is important for understanding human development and the maternal-fetal relationship during pregnancy.

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Draw a phylogeny of major populations of modern humans that would reject the out-of-Africa hypothesis.

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Consider the evolution of protostomes and deuterostomes (this chapter): (1) Compare adaptations in protostomes and deuterostomes for living on land. (2) Recall that changes in the expression patterns of tool-kit genes in arthropods such as insects enabled a dramatic diversification of their segmented appendages and bodies. Design an experiment to test whether this concept applies to vertebrates.

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Textbook Question

Genetic diversity in living human populations is highest in Africa and decreases as a function of distance traveled by the human migration that left Africa many millennia ago. Draw a graph to show this trend. (Hint: What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? What kind of graph is appropriate for this kind of data? Add a label where you would expect to find a data point for the Yanomamö tribe of the Amazon rain forest in South America. Why is it important to use indigenous people for this study?

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Textbook Question

The size and shape of the vertebrate skull can reveal a great deal about an animal's lifestyle and evolutionary relationships. Consider your own skull. If you put your finger in your ear and move your jaw up and down, you can feel the space near the hinge of your jaw. Nestled in this space are the tiny bones that make your hearing possible: the malleus, incus, and stapes. All mammals have these three ear bones, but reptiles such as this T. rex don't. Where did ear bones come from? Analyze the morphological data shown here and write a hypothesis to explain the origin of mammalian ear bones. (The cynodont shown is one of many extinct synapsid amniotes that lived early in the lineage that gave rise to mammals.)

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Textbook Question

The size and shape of the vertebrate skull can reveal a great deal about an animal's lifestyle and evolutionary relationships. Consider your own skull. If you put your finger in your ear and move your jaw up and down, you can feel the space near the hinge of your jaw. Nestled in this space are the tiny bones that make your hearing possible: the malleus, incus, and stapes. All mammals have these three ear bones, but reptiles such as this T. rex don't. Where did ear bones come from? How is the opossum related to you? Select True or False for each statement. T/F An opossum is an animal, but I am a human. T/F An opossum is a mammal, but I am a human. T/F An opossum is a marsupial, but I am a placental mammal. T/F The opossum and I are both tetrapods.

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Textbook Question

The size and shape of the vertebrate skull can reveal a great deal about an animal's lifestyle and evolutionary relationships. Consider your own skull. If you put your finger in your ear and move your jaw up and down, you can feel the space near the hinge of your jaw. Nestled in this space are the tiny bones that make your hearing possible: the malleus, incus, and stapes. All mammals have these three ear bones, but reptiles such as this T. rex don't. Where did ear bones come from? The illustration of the opossum skull shows that the ear bones are completely separated from the jawbone (as they are in all mammals). Pose a hypothesis to explain why this separation could be an adaptation that contributed to the radiation of mammals into diverse niches, including a nocturnal lifestyle.

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