Ch. 11 - Cell Communication

Problem 5

Chapter 11, Problem 5

Apoptosis involves all but which of the following? a. fragmentation of the DNA b. cell-signaling pathways c. lysis of the cell d. digestion of cellular contents by scavenger cells

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the question. The question is asking which of the given options is not involved in the process of apoptosis, which is a form of programmed cell death.

Step 2: Recall what you know about apoptosis. Apoptosis is a process that involves the fragmentation of the DNA, activation of cell-signaling pathways, and digestion of cellular contents by scavenger cells.

Step 3: Compare the options with your knowledge. Option a, b, and d are all part of the apoptosis process.

Step 4: Identify the option that does not fit. Option c, lysis of the cell, is not typically part of apoptosis. In apoptosis, the cell shrinks and becomes fragmented, but it does not undergo lysis, which is the breaking down of the cell membrane.

Step 5: Choose the correct answer. Therefore, the answer is c. lysis of the cell.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and development. It involves a series of biochemical events leading to characteristic cell changes and death, including DNA fragmentation and cellular shrinkage, without causing inflammation.

Cell Signaling Pathways

Cell signaling pathways are complex networks of molecules that communicate signals from a cell's exterior to its interior, influencing cellular responses. In apoptosis, these pathways regulate the activation of caspases, which are enzymes that execute the death program, ensuring the process is controlled and efficient.

Cell Lysis

Cell lysis refers to the breaking down of the cell membrane, leading to the release of cellular contents into the surrounding environment. Unlike apoptosis, which is a controlled process, lysis typically results from injury or infection and can provoke an inflammatory response, making it distinct from the orderly nature of apoptosis.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by a. dimerization and phosphorylation. b. dimerization and IP3 binding. c. a phosphorylation cascade. d. GTP hydrolysis.

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Textbook Question

Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as aldosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because a. only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segments. b. intracellular receptors are present only in target cells. c. only target cells have enzymes that break down aldosterone. d. only in target cells is aldosterone able to initiate the phosphorylation cascade that turns genes on.

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Textbook Question

Consider this pathway: epinephrine → G protein-coupled receptor → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP. Identify the second messenger. a. cAMP b. G protein c. GTP d. adenylyl cyclase

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Textbook Question

Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells? a. Enzymatic activity was proportional to the amount of calcium added to a cell-free extract. b. Receptor studies indicated that epinephrine was a ligand. c. Glycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine was administered to intact cells. d. Glycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine and glycogen phosphorylase were mixed.

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Open Question

Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with which of the following?

A. ligand binding by receptor tyrosine kinases.

B. activation of G protein-coupled receptors.

C. activation of protein kinase molecules.

D. release of Ca2+ from the ER lumen.

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