Hi. In this video, we're going to be talking about echinoderms, which are animals like starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars. And in these images here, you can actually see a couple of examples. We have a starfish right here. This is a sea cucumber in the middle, kind of looks like a slug. And over here behind my head, we have a sand dollar. Now, echinoderms are deuterostome animals, and unlike however their appearance might make you think that they're actually some type of protostome. They're deuterostomes. However, they're not chordates. In fact, they're the only deuterostome animals we're really going to look at that are not chordates. They are considered bilateral, which is probably easier to see in some organisms rather than others. However, their symmetry is bilateral. If it helps, you know, you can draw a line through the starfish like that. Maybe that makes the symmetry more clear. And their name actually comes from the spiny skin seen in some species. You see they have this endoskeleton, meaning internal skeleton, and it's made up of these plates that, in some cases fuse together, in others are connected by tissues, and they actually look similar to like a knight's armor or something, and how the plates are stacked together. Now, they have skin that grows over these plates, however, you can still kind of see their form, for example, in this starfish. Now, echinoderms can reproduce sexually, though some also reproduce asexually. And, it should be noted that there are individuals with separate sexes in the case of sexual reproduction. They have a couple of unique features that I want to talk about. One is this water vascular system, which is basically a series of tubes around the body that are fluid-filled and are used for internal transport and respiration, similar to like our own vascular system. However, what's cool and unique about theirs is that they also use it for locomotion. So by circulating the water around, they can actually cause motion. And you can see an outline here of the water vascular system, all these little tube structures that radiate around the body. Now, these echinoderms also have what are called tube feet. They're actually extensions to the water vascular system. You can see them right here. And they use those tube feet, in order to move and feed. So that's what they're actually moving fluid around through to cause locomotion, and they also can trap prey in these tube feet and use them for feeding. Alright. That's all I have for this video. I'll see you guys next time.
Table of contents
- 1. Introduction to Biology2h 40m
- 2. Chemistry3h 40m
- 3. Water1h 26m
- 4. Biomolecules2h 23m
- 5. Cell Components2h 26m
- 6. The Membrane2h 31m
- 7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
- 8. Respiration2h 40m
- 9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
- 10. Cell Signaling59m
- 11. Cell Division2h 47m
- 12. Meiosis2h 0m
- 13. Mendelian Genetics4h 41m
- Introduction to Mendel's Experiments7m
- Genotype vs. Phenotype17m
- Punnett Squares13m
- Mendel's Experiments26m
- Mendel's Laws18m
- Monohybrid Crosses16m
- Test Crosses14m
- Dihybrid Crosses20m
- Punnett Square Probability26m
- Incomplete Dominance vs. Codominance20m
- Epistasis7m
- Non-Mendelian Genetics12m
- Pedigrees6m
- Autosomal Inheritance21m
- Sex-Linked Inheritance43m
- X-Inactivation9m
- 14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
- 15. Gene Expression3h 20m
- 16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
- Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression13m
- Prokaryotic Gene Regulation via Operons27m
- The Lac Operon21m
- Glucose's Impact on Lac Operon25m
- The Trp Operon20m
- Review of the Lac Operon & Trp Operon11m
- Introduction to Eukaryotic Gene Regulation9m
- Eukaryotic Chromatin Modifications16m
- Eukaryotic Transcriptional Control22m
- Eukaryotic Post-Transcriptional Regulation28m
- Eukaryotic Post-Translational Regulation13m
- 17. Viruses37m
- 18. Biotechnology2h 58m
- 19. Genomics17m
- 20. Development1h 5m
- 21. Evolution3h 1m
- 22. Evolution of Populations3h 52m
- 23. Speciation1h 37m
- 24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
- 25. Phylogeny2h 31m
- 26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
- 27. Protists1h 12m
- 28. Plants1h 22m
- 29. Fungi36m
- 30. Overview of Animals34m
- 31. Invertebrates1h 2m
- 32. Vertebrates50m
- 33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
- 34. Vascular Plant Transport2m
- 35. Soil37m
- 36. Plant Reproduction47m
- 37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
- 38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
- 39. Digestive System10m
- 40. Circulatory System1h 57m
- 41. Immune System1h 12m
- 42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- 43. Endocrine System4m
- 44. Animal Reproduction2m
- 45. Nervous System55m
- 46. Sensory Systems46m
- 47. Muscle Systems23m
- 48. Ecology3h 11m
- Introduction to Ecology20m
- Biogeography14m
- Earth's Climate Patterns50m
- Introduction to Terrestrial Biomes10m
- Terrestrial Biomes: Near Equator13m
- Terrestrial Biomes: Temperate Regions10m
- Terrestrial Biomes: Northern Regions15m
- Introduction to Aquatic Biomes27m
- Freshwater Aquatic Biomes14m
- Marine Aquatic Biomes13m
- 49. Animal Behavior28m
- 50. Population Ecology3h 41m
- Introduction to Population Ecology28m
- Population Sampling Methods23m
- Life History12m
- Population Demography17m
- Factors Limiting Population Growth14m
- Introduction to Population Growth Models22m
- Linear Population Growth6m
- Exponential Population Growth29m
- Logistic Population Growth32m
- r/K Selection10m
- The Human Population22m
- 51. Community Ecology2h 46m
- Introduction to Community Ecology2m
- Introduction to Community Interactions9m
- Community Interactions: Competition (-/-)38m
- Community Interactions: Exploitation (+/-)23m
- Community Interactions: Mutualism (+/+) & Commensalism (+/0)9m
- Community Structure35m
- Community Dynamics26m
- Geographic Impact on Communities21m
- 52. Ecosystems2h 36m
- 53. Conservation Biology24m
31. Invertebrates
Echinoderms
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