Cartilage is this elastic tissue containing collagen proteins, and for some organisms, it's actually going to be the main component of their skeleton. For example, sharks. Now it's also going to be an important component in tendons and ligaments, which are types of connective tissue that, in the case of tendons, link muscle to bone, and in the case of ligaments, link bones together, or link bone to bone. And you can see an example of that here, where we have a tendon connecting this muscle to this bone, and here where we have a ligament connecting this bone to this bone. Now joints are what we call these connections between bones, and they're going to actually allow for specific types of movements. Now there's many different types of joints, however, I want to mention too, those are ball and socket joints. These are going to be like your hips and shoulders, where you basically have a ball that fits into a socket. And it's going to rotate around in there, and what's nice about ball and socket joints, as I'm sure you know with your arm, is you can really get a lot of range of motion on that. Now, in contrast, hinge joints limit movement to a single plane, but these are usually able to generate more force. And a nice example of a hinge joint is this joint we see, right here in your leg. Right? Now, as you can see inside this joint, we're going to have some nice cartilage that's going to protect those bones from rubbing on top of each other, which would have been very painful, and is actually the cause of some types of arthritis. Now, muscles and bones work together in basically what you can think of as antagonistic pairs. Now this is not always the case, but many muscles work together in these antagonistic pairs. So I want to show you one example of how, you know, muscle and bone come together to produce different types of movement. So here we have a wonderful example of an antagonistic pair that we're all familiar with, and that is the biceps and the triceps. And you can see that the biceps, when these muscles tense, right? When they pull, they're going to pull these bones closer together. That's why we call them flexors. It's a muscle that basically bends a limb and pulls it close together. Now these are going to work in opposition to extensors. This is the that antagonistic pair. The extensor is the antagonist to the flexor. The extensor, when it contracts, is going to straighten and extend a limb. So here in this case, let me just erase this for a second, you can see that if the triceps contract, if it pulls in like this, it's going to result in pulling the arm straight like that. And that is why we call that an extensor because it extends the limb out, and a flexor, you know, it's like you're flexing. Think about it that way. Alright. That's all I have for this one. I'll see you guys next time.
Table of contents
- 1. Introduction to Biology2h 40m
- 2. Chemistry3h 40m
- 3. Water1h 26m
- 4. Biomolecules2h 23m
- 5. Cell Components2h 26m
- 6. The Membrane2h 31m
- 7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
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- 9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
- 10. Cell Signaling59m
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- 13. Mendelian Genetics4h 41m
- Introduction to Mendel's Experiments7m
- Genotype vs. Phenotype17m
- Punnett Squares13m
- Mendel's Experiments26m
- Mendel's Laws18m
- Monohybrid Crosses16m
- Test Crosses14m
- Dihybrid Crosses20m
- Punnett Square Probability26m
- Incomplete Dominance vs. Codominance20m
- Epistasis7m
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- 14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
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- 16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
- Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression13m
- Prokaryotic Gene Regulation via Operons27m
- The Lac Operon21m
- Glucose's Impact on Lac Operon25m
- The Trp Operon20m
- Review of the Lac Operon & Trp Operon11m
- Introduction to Eukaryotic Gene Regulation9m
- Eukaryotic Chromatin Modifications16m
- Eukaryotic Transcriptional Control22m
- Eukaryotic Post-Transcriptional Regulation28m
- Eukaryotic Post-Translational Regulation13m
- 17. Viruses37m
- 18. Biotechnology2h 58m
- 19. Genomics17m
- 20. Development1h 5m
- 21. Evolution3h 1m
- 22. Evolution of Populations3h 52m
- 23. Speciation1h 37m
- 24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
- 25. Phylogeny40m
- 26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
- 27. Protists1h 6m
- 28. Plants1h 22m
- 29. Fungi36m
- 30. Overview of Animals34m
- 31. Invertebrates1h 2m
- 32. Vertebrates50m
- 33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
- 34. Vascular Plant Transport2m
- 35. Soil37m
- 36. Plant Reproduction47m
- 37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
- 38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
- 39. Digestive System10m
- 40. Circulatory System1h 57m
- 41. Immune System1h 12m
- 42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- 43. Endocrine System4m
- 44. Animal Reproduction2m
- 45. Nervous System55m
- 46. Sensory Systems46m
- 47. Muscle Systems23m
- 48. Ecology3h 11m
- Introduction to Ecology20m
- Biogeography14m
- Earth's Climate Patterns50m
- Introduction to Terrestrial Biomes10m
- Terrestrial Biomes: Near Equator13m
- Terrestrial Biomes: Temperate Regions10m
- Terrestrial Biomes: Northern Regions15m
- Introduction to Aquatic Biomes27m
- Freshwater Aquatic Biomes14m
- Marine Aquatic Biomes13m
- 49. Animal Behavior28m
- 50. Population Ecology3h 41m
- Introduction to Population Ecology28m
- Population Sampling Methods23m
- Life History12m
- Population Demography17m
- Factors Limiting Population Growth14m
- Introduction to Population Growth Models22m
- Linear Population Growth6m
- Exponential Population Growth29m
- Logistic Population Growth32m
- r/K Selection10m
- The Human Population22m
- 51. Community Ecology2h 46m
- Introduction to Community Ecology2m
- Introduction to Community Interactions9m
- Community Interactions: Competition (-/-)38m
- Community Interactions: Exploitation (+/-)23m
- Community Interactions: Mutualism (+/+) & Commensalism (+/0)9m
- Community Structure35m
- Community Dynamics26m
- Geographic Impact on Communities21m
- 52. Ecosystems2h 36m
- 53. Conservation Biology24m
47. Muscle Systems
Musculoskeletal System
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