Textbook Question
a. What does lateralization of cortical functioning mean?
b. Why is the term cerebral dominance a misnomer?
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Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System
Chapter 11, Problem 28
a. Define cerebrovascular accident or CVA. b. Describe its possible causes and consequences.
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Define cerebrovascular accident (CVA) as a medical term for a stroke, which occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients.
Step 2: Explain that the interruption of blood flow can be due to a blockage (ischemic stroke) or a rupture of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke).
Step 3: Describe ischemic stroke as the most common type, often caused by a blood clot or atherosclerosis, where fatty deposits build up in the arteries.
Step 4: Describe hemorrhagic stroke as occurring when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, which can be caused by conditions such as high blood pressure, aneurysms, or arteriovenous malformations.
Step 5: Discuss the consequences of a CVA, which can include physical and cognitive impairments, depending on the area of the brain affected, and emphasize the importance of immediate medical attention to minimize damage.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
A cerebrovascular accident, commonly known as a stroke, occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from receiving oxygen and nutrients. This can lead to brain cell death and loss of function in the affected areas. CVAs can be classified into two main types: ischemic, caused by a blockage in a blood vessel, and hemorrhagic, resulting from a rupture of a blood vessel.
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Causes of CVA
The causes of cerebrovascular accidents can vary widely but are often linked to risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, and heart disease. Ischemic strokes are frequently caused by blood clots that form in arteries supplying blood to the brain, while hemorrhagic strokes can result from conditions like aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations that weaken blood vessels.
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Consequences of CVA
The consequences of a cerebrovascular accident can be severe and long-lasting, affecting physical, cognitive, and emotional health. Common outcomes include paralysis or weakness on one side of the body, difficulties with speech and language, and changes in behavior or mood. Rehabilitation and therapy are often necessary to help individuals regain lost functions and adapt to changes in their daily lives.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Describe the spinal cord, depicting its extent, its composition of gray and white matter, and its spinal roots.
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Textbook Question
Central pattern generators (CPGs) are found at the segmental level of motor control.
a. What is the job of the CPGs?
b. What controls them, and where is this control localized?
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Textbook Question
A 10-month-old infant has an enlarging head circumference and delayed overall development. Her CSF pressure is elevated, and she has a bulging anterior fontanelle (fontanelles are the as yet unossified fibrous membranes connecting skull bones in infants). Based on these findings, answer the following questions:
a. What are the possible cause(s) of an enlarged head?
b. Which tests might be helpful in obtaining information about this infant's problem?
c. Assuming the tests conducted showed the cerebral aqueduct to be constricted, which ventricles or CSF-containing areas would you expect to be enlarged? Which would likely not be visible? Respond to the same questions based on a finding of obstructed arachnoid granulations.
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