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15. The Special Senses

Introduction to Special Senses

15. The Special Senses

Introduction to Special Senses

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Introduction to Special Senses Example 1

Introduction to Special Senses Example 1

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Multiple Choice

What is the difference between special senses and general senses?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following correctly matches the sense to the type of stimulus it measures in the environment?

Textbook Question

Which of the following cranial nerves is not involved in the gustatory sense?

a. Vagus nerve (X)

b. Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

c. Facial nerve (VII)

d. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Textbook Question

Tears normally flow from the lacrimal sac into the:

a. lacrimal gland.

b. lacrimal canaliculi.

c. lacrimal puncta.

d. nasolacrimal duct.

Textbook Question

1. Match the cell type with the correct stimulus.

____Rod or cone

____Hair cell in cochlea

____Gustatory cell

____Olfactory neuron

____Hair cell in vestibule

a. Head movement

b. Odorant

c. Photon

d. Taste substance

e. Sound wave

Textbook Question

The axons of the olfactory nerve terminate in the:

a. olfactory epithelium.

b. olfactory bulb.

c. olfactory tract.

d. primary olfactory cortex.

Textbook Question

Fill in the blanks: In an olfactory neuron, the binding of a(n) ______to its membrane receptor triggers a(n)_______potential in the axons of the______nerve.

Textbook Question

The primary olfactory cortex is located in the:

a. frontal lobe.

b. occipital lobe.

c. parietal lobe.

d. temporal lobe.

Textbook Question

Which of the following statements is true regarding gustatory cells?

a. They have microvilli that project into the taste pore.

b. There are only 10–20 gustatory cells in a typical taste bud.

c. They have a lifespan of approximately 6 months.

d. Some form synapses with neurons that give rise to the trigeminal nerve.

Textbook Question

Match the taste with the chemical substance that produces it.

____Sweet

____Sour

____Salty

____Bitter

____Umami

a. Many alkaloids

b. Sucrose

c. Glutamate

d. Sodium ions

e. Hydrogen ions

Textbook Question

he axons from the nasal retina in the left eye terminate in the:

a. right lateral geniculate nucleus.

b. left lateral geniculate nucleus.

c. right medial occipital lobe.

d. left medial occipital lobe.

Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

a. The incus is connected to the tympanic membrane.

Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. The stapes is attached to the oval window.

Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. The auditory canal is separated from the middle ear by the round window.

Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

e. The semicircular ducts are connected to the utricle, and the cochlear duct is continuous with the saccule.

Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d. The cochlear duct is filled with perilymph.

Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

f. The spiral organ is located in the scala tympani.

Textbook Question

Explain how sounds of different frequencies are detected in the cochlea.

Textbook Question

How do the hair cells of the crista ampullaris detect rotation of the head?

Textbook Question

The macula in the utricle detects:

a. rotation of the head to the right.

b. very low-frequency sound waves that we can feel but not hear.

c. tilting of the head to one side.

d. linear acceleration of the head in a vertical plane.

Textbook Question

Fill in the blanks: The spiral organ sits on the________membrane, and the stereocilia of the outer hair cells contact the _____membrane.

Textbook Question

True or false: Hair cells in the spiral organ will depolarize or hyperpolarize, depending on the direction in which the stereocilia are bent.

Textbook Question

Which of the following is not part of the auditory pathway in the CNS?

a. Superior temporal lobe

b. Superior colliculus

c. Medial geniculate nucleus

d. Nuclei in the pons

e. Cochlear nuclei

Textbook Question

Fill in the blanks: In the ampulla of a semicircular duct, the hair cells are located in the_____and their stereocilia and kinocilium are embedded in the______.

Textbook Question

Stimuli from the inner ear regarding head movement and position are sent to all of the following except the:

a. vestibular nuclei.

b. oculomotor nucleus.

c. parietal lobe.

d. cerebellum.

e. trigeminal nucleus.

Textbook Question

Explain what would happen to your sense of smell if there were no basal cells present in the olfactory epithelium.

Textbook Question

In which direction would you be unable to move your right eye if your right abducens nerve were damaged?

Textbook Question

Following a stroke, a patient lost vision in the left visual field. Name several structures in the brain that could have been damaged by the stroke to have caused this vision loss. Be specific as to right or left side.

Textbook Question

Why do you have the sensation that you are still spinning immediately after stopping?

Textbook Question

Mr. Spencer suffers loss of taste sensation. Tests reveal that his taste buds and salivary glands are functional. What other structures might be impaired that would explain his loss of taste?

Textbook Question

If severe congestion from a cold prevented your pharyngotympanic tube from opening, what could happen to your tympanic membrane? Explain your answer.

Textbook Question

Suppose the round window in your middle ear became very stiff. What effect would this have on hearing, and why?

Textbook Question

Mrs. Flores is a 45-year-old female who suffered a fracture of the ethmoid bone as the result of a car accident. Several days later, she complained that she couldn't taste her food very well. How is her injury related to the loss of taste sensation?

Textbook Question

Your 60-year-old patient, Mr. Guster, has Bell's palsy, which causes dysfunction of those portions of the facial nerve that control muscles of facial expression. He is surprised when you tell him to tape the eyelids of his right eye closed at night to prevent dryness. Why might Bell's palsy cause dryness of the eye on the affected side?

Textbook Question

Which of the following is not a possible cause of conduction deafness? a. impacted cerumen, b. middle ear infection, c. cochlear nerve degeneration, d. otosclerosis.

Textbook Question

Olfactory nerve filaments are found a. in the optic bulbs, b. passing through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, c. in the optic tracts, d. in the olfactory cortex.

Textbook Question

Where are the olfactory sensory neurons, and why is that site poorly suited for their job?

Textbook Question

A progressive disorder characterized by the loss of higher-order cerebral functions is (a) Parkinson's disease, (b) parasomnia, (c) Huntington's disease, (d) Alzheimer's disease.

Textbook Question

A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus is (a) transduction, (b) sensory coding, (c) line labeling, (d) adaptation.

Textbook Question

Which of the following statements does not correctly describe the spiral organ? a. Sounds of high frequency stimulate hair cells at the basal end, b. the 'hairs' of the receptor cells are embedded in the tectorial membrane, c. the basilar membrane acts as a resonator, d. the more numerous outer hair cells are largely responsible for our perception of sound.

Textbook Question

Pitch is to frequency of sound as loudness is to a. quality, b. intensity, c. overtones, d. all of these.

Textbook Question

Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the (a) auditory ossicles, (b) cochlea, (c) oval window, (d) round window, (e) tympanic membrane.

Textbook Question

The spiral organ is located in the_______of the internal ear. (a) utricle, (b) bony labyrinth, (c) vestibule, (d) cochlea.

Textbook Question

dentify the structures of the external, middle, and internal ear in the following figure. a. ___ b. ___ c. ___ d. ___ e. ___ f. ___ g. ___ h. ___ i. ___

Textbook Question

Auditory information about the frequency and intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear nerve, a division of cranial nerve (a) IV, (b) VI, (c) VIII, (d) X.

Textbook Question

Displacement of stereocilia toward the kinocilium of a hair cell (a) produces a depolarization of the membrane, (b) produces a hyperpolarization of the membrane, (c) decreases the membrane permeability to sodium ions, (d) increases the membrane permeability to potassium ions, (e) does not affect the membrane potential of the cell.

Textbook Question

Damage to the ampullary cupula of the lateral semicircular duct would interfere with the perception of (a) the direction of gravitational pull, (b) linear acceleration, (c) horizontal rotation of the head, (d) vertical rotation of the head, (e) angular rotation of the head.

Textbook Question

The malleus, incus, and stapes are the tiny bones located in the (a) external ear, (b) middle ear, (c) internal ear, (d) membranous labyrinth.

Textbook Question

What are the three auditory ossicles in the middle ear, and what are their functions?

Textbook Question

The basic receptors in the internal ear are the (a) utricles, (b) saccules, (c) hair cells, (d) supporting cells, (e) ampullae.

Textbook Question

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Sounds entering the external acoustic meatus are eventually converted to nerve impulses via a chain of events including a. vibration of the eardrum. b. vibratory motion of the ossicles against the oval window. c. stimulation of hair cells in the spiral organ of Corti. d. resonance of the cupula.

Textbook Question

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Which of the following are paired incorrectly? a. Cochlear duct—cupula b. Vestibule—macula c. Ampulla—otoliths d. Semicircular duct—ampulla

Textbook Question

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Movement of which structure triggers bending of hairs of the hair cells in the spiral organ of Corti? a. b. c. d.

Textbook Question

Name the structures of the outer, middle, and inner ears, and give the general function of each structure and each group of structures.

Textbook Question

Sylvia Marcus, age 70, recently had surgery for otosclerosis. The operation was a failure and did not improve her condition. What was the purpose of the surgery, and exactly what was it trying to accomplish?

Textbook Question

Sound waves hitting the eardrum set it into motion. Trace the pathway of vibrations from the eardrum to the spiral organ of Corti, where the hair cells are stimulated.

Textbook Question

Otoliths (ear stones) are a. a cause of deafness, b. a type of hearing aid, c. important in equilibrium, d. the rock-hard petrous part of the temporal bones.

Textbook Question

The structure that allows pressure in the middle ear to be equalized with atmospheric pressure is the a. pinna, b. pharyngotympanic tube, c. tympanic membrane, d. oval window.

Textbook Question

Which of the following is important in maintaining the balance of the body? a. visual cues, b. semicircular canals, c. the saccule, d. proprioceptors, e. all of these.

Textbook Question

Juan tells his physician that he has been feeling dizzy, especially when he closes his eyes. He is asked to stand with his feet together and arms extended forward. As long as he keeps his eyes open, he exhibits very little movement. But when he closes his eyes, his body begins to sway a great deal, and his arms tend to drift together toward the left side of his body. Why does this occur?

Textbook Question

Normal balance depends on information transmitted from a number of sensory receptor types. Name at least three of these receptors.

Textbook Question

For each of the following descriptions, indicate whether it applies to a macula or a crista ampullaris: inside a semicircular canal; contains otoliths; responds to linear acceleration and deceleration; has a cupula; responds to rotational acceleration and deceleration; inside the vestibule.

Textbook Question

Taste buds are found on the a. anterior part of the tongue, b. posterior part of the tongue, c. palate, d. all of these.

Textbook Question

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Gustatory cells are a. bipolar neurons. b. multipolar neurons. c. unipolar neurons. d. epithelial cells.

Textbook Question

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Alkaloids excite gustatory hairs mostly at the a. tip of the tongue. b. back of the tongue. c. vallate papillae. d. fungiform papillae.

Textbook Question

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Cranial nerves that are part of the gustatory pathway include a. trigeminal. b. facial. c. hypoglossal. d. glossopharyngeal.

Textbook Question

Mrs. Garson has an immune disorder that causes dry mouth, and she complains to her doctor that she's lost her sense of taste. How might her symptoms be explained?

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