9. Muscle Tissue

Steps of Muscle Contraction

9. Muscle Tissue

Steps of Muscle Contraction

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Overview of Muscle Contraction

Steps of Muscle Contraction Example 1

Neurotransmitters & Action Potentials

Steps of Muscle Contraction Example 2

A. Events at the Neuromuscular Junction

Steps of Muscle Contraction Example 3

B. Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Steps of Muscle Contraction Example 4

C. Cross Bridge Cycle

Steps of Muscle Contraction Example 5

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Neuromuscular Junction

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Muscle Contraction - Cross Bridge Cycle, Animation.

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Muscle Contraction - Cross Bridge Cycle, Animation.

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Excitation Contraction Coupling: Anatomy and Physiology

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Excitation Contraction Coupling: Anatomy and Physiology

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Bio 50A: Whole Muscle Contraction and Graded Response

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Bio 50A: Whole Muscle Contraction and Graded Response

Types of Muscle Contraction: Anatomy and Physiology

Dr. Frank O'Neill GrowGrayMatter

Muscle contraction around joints

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Multiple Choice

True or False: if false, choose the answer that best corrects the statement.

The events of excitation-contraction coupling involve converting the electrochemical signal to the mechanical movement of contraction.

During an action potential, the phase where ___________ moves into the cell results in depolarization while the phase where ______________ exits the cell results in repolarization.

What is the role of the calcium ion in the signaling of an action potential at the neuromuscular junction?

True or false: if false, choose the answer that best corrects the statement:

The motor neuron is in contact with the sarcolemma in order to efficiently pass the electrical signal to the muscle fiber.

Voltage gated channels respond to the depolarization of an action potential by releasing Ca $^2$ $^+$ . Where are these channels located?

How does tropomyosin regulate muscle contraction?

In a skeletal muscle fiber, which structure would you expect to have the greatest total surface area?

Which part of the cross-bridge cycle is called the power stroke?

What would happen if a muscle completely ran out of ATP during a muscle contraction.

The final "go" signal for skeletal muscle contraction is __________.

The space between the axon terminus of the neuron and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber is the __________.

Choose the true statement.

During the phase of excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal muscle, what occurs immediately after the action potential spreads down the T tubule?

The alternating contraction and relaxation of opposing layers of smooth muscle is referred to as __________.

What is the ion released from the terminal cisternae that combines with troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin, resulting in the formation of cross bridges?

The type of muscle contraction in which the muscle fibers produce increased tension although the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens is called __________.

Muscle cells initiate nerve impulses.

Acetylcholinesterase __________.

In the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, the myofilaments slide over each other, resulting in the overlapping of actin and __________.

Which one of the following binds calcium ions in a smooth muscle, causing contraction?

When an action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction, the most immediate result is __________.

Continued mild or partial contraction of a muscle that keeps it healthy and ready to respond is known as muscle __________.

Which of the following allows recoil of the muscle fiber when contraction ends?

The sequence of electrical changes that occurs along the sarcolemma when a muscle fiber is stimulated is known as the __________.

Myofilament cross bridges form when which two structures bond?

The refractory period in which the muscle will NOT contract if stimulated occurs during __________ of the muscle cell.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscle contraction?

Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a neuron at a single __________.

All of the following terms refer to the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus EXCEPT __________.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

The functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber is the __________.

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Multiple Choice

The most efficient means of producing ATP for muscle contraction is __________.

Which of the following substances increases in quantity during repetitive muscle contraction during oxygen deficit?

What would occur if a contracting muscle became totally depleted of ATP?

Which of the following does NOT occur during skeletal muscle contraction?

A motor neuron along with all the muscle fibers it supplies is called a(n) __________.

Properly controlled skeletal muscle contractions produced by changing the frequency of stimulation and the strength of stimulation are referred to as __________.

The sites where the motor nerve impulse is transmitted from the nerve endings to the skeletal muscle cell membranes are the a. neuromuscular junctions, b. sarcomeres, c. myofilaments, d. Z discs.

Contraction elicited by a single brief stimulus is called a. a twitch, b. temporal summation, c. multiple motor unit summation, d. fused tetanus.

A smooth, sustained contraction resulting from very rapid stimulation of the muscle, in which no evidence of relaxation is seen, is called a. a twitch, b. temporal summation, c. multiple motor unit summation, d. fused tetanus.

During muscle contraction, ATP is provided by a. a coupled reaction of creatine phosphate with ADP, b. aerobic respiration of glucose, and c. anaerobic glycolysis. ______ (1) Which provides ATP fastest? ______ (2) Which does (do) not require that oxygen be available? ______ (3) Which provides the highest yield of ATP per glucose molecule? ______ (4) Which results in the formation of lactic acid? ______ (5) Which has carbon dioxide and water products? ______ (6) Which is most important in endurance sports?

The neurotransmitter released by somatic motor neurons is a. acetylcholine, b. acetylcholinesterase, c. norepinephrine.

The ions that enter the skeletal muscle cell during the generation of an action potential are a. calcium ions, b. chloride ions, c. sodium ions, d. potassium ions.

Myoglobin has a special function in muscle tissue. It a. breaks down glycogen, b. is a contractile protein, c. holds a reserve supply of oxygen in the muscle.

Aerobic exercise results in all of the following except a. more capillaries surrounding muscle fibers, b. more mitochondria in muscle cells, c. increased size and strength of existing muscle cells, d. more myoglobin.

What is the importance of acetylcholinesterase in muscle cell contraction?

Explain what is meant by the term excitation-contraction coupling.

Define and draw a motor unit.

a. Describe the structure of a sarcomere and indicate the relationship of the sarcomere to myofilaments. b. Explain the sliding filament model of contraction using appropriately labeled diagrams of a relaxed and a contracted sarcomere.

Explain how a slight (but smooth) contraction differs from a vigorous contraction of the same muscle. Use the concepts of multiple motor unit summation.

Muscle-relaxing drugs are administered to a patient during major surgery. Which of the two chemicals described next would be a good skeletal muscle relaxant and why? • Chemical A binds to and blocks ACh receptors of muscle cells. • Chemical B floods the muscle cells' cytoplasm with Ca²⁺.

What is the basic mechanism of contraction at the level of myofilaments?

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Textbook Question

Order the following events of excitation and excitation-contraction coupling. Put 1 by the first event, 2 by the second, and so on.

____The motor end plate generates an end-plate potential.

____The action potential spreads along the T-tubules, SR Ca2+ channels are pulled open, and Ca2+ flood the cytosol.

____Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate, and ligand-gated ion channels open.

____Ca2+ bind troponin, which allows tropomyosin to move away from the actin active site, initiating a contraction cycle.

____The action potential propagates through the sarcolemma and dives deeply into the cell along the T-tubules.

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Textbook Question

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of ATP in a muscle contraction?

a. ATP is directly responsible for the power stroke.

b. ATP moves troponin and tropomyosin away from actin.

c. ATP breaks the actin/myosin attachment and 'cocks' the myosin head.

d. ATP causes the myofilaments to shorten.

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Textbook Question

A muscle fiber relaxes when:

a. the concentration of Ca2+ in the cytosol returns to resting levels.

b. the supply of ATP is exhausted.

c. Ca2+ flood the cytosol.

d. acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal and the sarcolemma depolarizes.

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Textbook Question

Which of the following energy sources would provide the majority of the ATP for a person running a 26-mile marathon?

a. Stored ATP

b. Glycolytic catabolism

c. Oxidative catabolism

d. Creatine phosphate

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Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. Stimulation by a motor neuron before a muscle fiber has fully relaxed results in a condition called wave summation.

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Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d. A muscle fiber changes length during isotonic concentric and isotonic eccentric contractions.

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Textbook Question

Tell where each of the three types of muscle tissue would be found in the body. What is meant by the statement, 'Smooth muscles are involuntary in action'?

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Textbook Question

Linda's father suffers an apparent heart attack and is rushed to the emergency room of the local hospital. The doctor on call tells her that he has ordered some blood work and that he will be able to tell if her father actually had a heart attack by looking at the blood levels of CK and cardiac troponin. Why would knowing the level of CK and cardiac troponin help to indicate if a person suffered a heart attack?

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Textbook Question

Describe the events that occur from the time calcium ions enter the axon terminal at the neuromuscular junction until muscle cell contraction occurs.

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Textbook Question

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. After ACh attaches to its receptors at the neuromuscular junction, what is the next step? a. Sodium channels open. b. Calcium binds to regulatory proteins on the thin filaments. c. Cross bridges attach. d. ATP is hydrolyzed.

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Textbook Question

Chemical A binds and blocks acetylcholine receptors of muscle cells. Chemical B floods the cytoplasm of muscle cells with calcium ions. Which chemical would make the best muscle relaxant, and why?

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Textbook Question

What structural feature of a skeletal muscle fiber propagates action potentials into the interior of the cell?

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Textbook Question

What forms of energy reserves do resting skeletal muscle fibers contain?

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Textbook Question

Areas of the body where you would not expect to find slow fibers include the (a) back and calf muscles, (b) eye and hand, (c) chest and abdomen, (d) all of these.

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Textbook Question

For each portion of a myogram tracing a twitch in a stimulated calf muscle fiber, describe the events that occur within the muscle fiber.

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Textbook Question

Characteristics of isometric contractions include all but a. shortening, b. increased muscle tension throughout the contraction phase, c. absence of shortening, d. used in resistance training.

When a suicide victim was found, the coroner was unable to remove the drug vial clutched in his hand. Explain the reasons for this. If the victim had been discovered three days later, would the coroner have had the same difficulty? Explain.

Define neuromuscular junction, motor unit, tetanus, graded response, aerobic respiration, anaerobic glycolysis, muscle fatigue, and neurotransmitter.

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Textbook Question

When Eric returned from jogging, he was breathing heavily and sweating profusely, and he complained that his legs ached and felt weak. On the basis of what you have learned about muscle energy metabolism, respond to the following questions: a.Why is Eric breathing heavily?

Smooth muscle has some unique properties, such as low energy usage, and the ability to maintain contraction over long periods. Tie these properties to the function of smooth muscle in the body.

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9. Muscle Tissue

Steps of Muscle Contraction

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