Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 40m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 37m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 7m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood1h 22m
18. The Heart1h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance Coming soon
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity Coming soon

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Chemiosmosis

Anatomy & Physiology

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Chemiosmosis

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2:53 minutes

Problem 2

Textbook Question

What does the chemiosmotic hypothesis claim? a. ATP is generated using phosphates taken from intermediates in the electron transport chain. b. ATP is generated using a phosphate gradient produced by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. c. ATP is generated using a proton-motive force that is produced by the electron transport chain. d. Water is generated using electrons taken from NADH and FADH2 and transported through the electron transport chain.

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the context: The chemiosmotic hypothesis is a scientific theory that explains how ATP is produced in the mitochondria during cellular respiration.

Identify the key components: The hypothesis involves the electron transport chain, a proton gradient, and ATP synthase.

Analyze the options: Consider how each option relates to the process of ATP production in the mitochondria.

Focus on the correct mechanism: The chemiosmotic hypothesis specifically involves the creation of a proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Determine the correct claim: The hypothesis claims that ATP is generated using the proton-motive force produced by the electron transport chain, which aligns with option c.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

The chemiosmotic hypothesis, proposed by Peter Mitchell, explains how ATP is synthesized in mitochondria and chloroplasts. It posits that the energy from electron transport chains is used to pump protons across a membrane, creating a proton gradient. This gradient generates a proton-motive force that drives ATP synthesis as protons flow back through ATP synthase.

Proton-Motive Force

Proton-motive force refers to the potential energy stored in the form of a proton gradient across a membrane. This force is crucial for ATP production, as it drives protons back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, facilitating the conversion of ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP. It is a key component of cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from electron donors like NADH and FADH2 to electron acceptors. As electrons move through the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons into the intermembrane space, contributing to the proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis via the chemiosmotic mechanism.