Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, 4th edition
Published by Pearson (January 12, 2016) © 2017
- Michael S. Mamlouk Arizona State University
- John P. Zaniewski West Virginia University
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For courses in Civil Engineering Materials, Construction Materials, and Construction Methods & Materials offered in Civil, Environmental, or Construction engineering departments.
Civil and Construction Engineering Materials: Properties, Uses, and Evaluations
Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers helps students understand and select the materials involved in supporting the infrastructure needs of society--from buildings, to water and treatment distribution systems, to dams, highways, and airport pavements. By gaining a deep understanding of material behavior and the material selection process, students can begin to understand how to create and maintain civil and construction engineering systems crucial to society.
The primary focus of the updates presented in this fourth edition was on the sustainability of materials used in civil and construction engineering. The information on sustainability was updated and expanded to include the most recent information. Â In addition, sections were added describing the sustainability considerations of each material. The problem set for each chapter was updated and increased to provide some fresh exercises. Â References were updated and increased in all chapters to provide students with additional reading on current issues related to different materials.
Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers contains the following features to facilitate learning:
The text is organized into three parts to help students digest the vast amount of information available on this topic
- Part one provides an introduction to materials and engineering, including discussions on the basic mechanistic properties of materials, their environmental influences, and basic material classes, as well as methods for quality control.
- Part two provides detailed introductions to the primary material types used in civil and construction engineering, including:
- Steel
- Aluminum
- Concrete
- Masonry
- Asphalt
- Wood
- Composites
- Part three offers laboratory methods for material evaluation.
UPDATED! The second edition refines and updates the first with notable additions
- UPDATED! Description of heat treatments, phase diagram, and the heat-treating effects of welding have been improved with new sections.
- NEW! Section on stainless steel has been added with updates to the current information on the structural uses of steel.
- UPDATED! Chapters on cement and concrete have new sections on hydration-control admixtures, recycled wash water, silica fume, self-consolidating concrete, and flowable fill.
- REVISED! The asphalt chapter has been rewritten to include a discussion on Superpave, as well as to accommodate the current methods and procedures for performance grading of asphalt binders.
- REVISED! The wood chapter now includes recent information on new manufactured wood products.
- NEW! The composites chapter offers examples of fiber-reinforced polymer to reflect its growing use in retrofitting old or partially damaged structures.
- NEW! Laboratory manual features a new experiment on dry-rodded unit weight of aggregate used in portland cement concrete.
NEW! A focus on sustainability has been woven throughout the text
- UPDATED! Chapter 1 has been expanded to include information on sustainability.
- NEW! Chapters 3-11 include new sections describing the sustainability considerations of each material. Â
Pedagogical features help students relate and engage with the text
- NEW! Over 100 figures have been added to help display core concepts and equipment.
- NEW! Sample and homework problems have been added to the end of each chapter to help students retain key information.
- UPDATED! References in each chapter have been brought up to date to provide students with additional reading on current issues related to different materials.
UPDATED! Changes in each chapter reflect the most current information on civil and construction engineering materials
- UPDATED! Chapter 1 includes a more detailed discussion of viscoelastic material behavior, along with a sample problem.
- UPDATED! Chapter 3 reflects more current information on the production of steel.
- NEW! Chapter 5 includes a new sample problem about water absorbed by aggregate in order to highlight that absorbed water cannot hydrate cement or improve the workability of plastic concrete.
- NEW! Chapter 6 now features two sample problems to help students determine the appropriate amount of mixing water to clarify the effect of water reducer on the properties of concrete.
- NEW! Chapter 7 includes new sections on concrete mixing water and pervious concrete, along with a sample problem.
- UPDATED! Chapter 9 discusses the multiple stress creep recovery test. Information about the immersion compression test was replaced with the tensile strength ratio method to reflect current practices. The section on the binder was refined to incorporate the effect of load and speed, and the section on diameteral tensile resilient has been removed.
- NEW! Chapter 10 now dives into greater detail on wood deterioration and preservation. The first two sample problems have been revised to provide more accurate information.
- UPDATED! Chapter 11 reflects information on the effective length of fibers and the ductility of FRP. Several new figures have been added to incorporate fibers, fabrics, laminates, and composites used in civil engineering applications.
- UPDATED! The laboratory manual offers two new experiments and updates on the experiment on polymers and composites.
UPDATED! The second edition refines and updates the first with notable additions
- UPDATED! Description of heat treatments, phase diagram, and the heat-treating effects of welding have been improved with new sections.
- Section on stainless steel has been added with updates to the current information on the structural uses of steel.
- UPDATED! Chapters on cement and concrete have new sections on hydration-control admixtures, recycled wash water, silica fume, self-consolidating concrete, and flowable fill.
- REVISED! The asphalt chapter has been rewritten to include a discussion on Superpave, as well as to accommodate the current methods and procedures for performance grading of asphalt binders.
- REVISED! The wood chapter now includes recent information on new manufactured wood products.
- The composites chapter offers examples of fiber-reinforced polymer to reflect its growing use in retrofitting old or partially damaged structures.
- Laboratory manual features a new experiment on dry-rodded unit weight of aggregate used in portland cement concrete.
A focus on sustainability has been woven throughout the text
- UPDATED! Chapter 1 has been expanded to include information on sustainability.
- Chapters 3-11 include new sections describing the sustainability considerations of each material. Â
Pedagogical features help students relate and engage with the text
- Over 100 figures have been added to help display core concepts and equipment.
- Sample and homework problems have been added to the end of each chapter to help students retain key information.
- UPDATED! References in each chapter have been brought up to date to provide students with additional reading on current issues related to different materials.
UPDATED! Changes in each chapter reflect the most current information on civil and construction engineering materials
- UPDATED! Chapter 1 includes a more detailed discussion of viscoelastic material behavior, along with a sample problem.
- UPDATED! Chapter 3 reflects more current information on the production of steel.
- Chapter 5 includes a new sample problem about water absorbed by aggregate in order to highlight that absorbed water cannot hydrate cement or improve the workability of plastic concrete.
- Chapter 6 now features two sample problems to help students determine the appropriate amount of mixing water to clarify the effect of water reducer on the properties of concrete.
- Chapter 7 includes new sections on concrete mixing water and pervious concrete, along with a sample problem.
- UPDATED! Chapter 9 discusses the multiple stress creep recovery test. Information about the immersion compression test was replaced with the tensile strength ratio method to reflect current practices. The section on the binder was refined to incorporate the effect of load and speed, and the section on diameteral tensile resilient has been removed.
- Chapter 10 now dives into greater detail on wood deterioration and preservation. The first two sample problems have been revised to provide more accurate information.
- UPDATED! Chapter 11 reflects information on the effective length of fibers and the ductility of FRP. Several new figures have been added to incorporate fibers, fabrics, laminates, and composites used in civil engineering applications.
- UPDATED! The laboratory manual offers two new experiments and updates on the experiment on polymers and composites.
Table of Contents
ONE Materials Engineering Concepts
- 1.1 Economic Factors
- 1.2 Mechanical Properties
- 1.2.1 Loading Conditions
- 1.2.2 Stress—Strain Relations
- 1.2.3 Elastic Behavior
- 1.2.4 Elastoplastic Behavior
- 1.2.5 Viscoelastic Behavior
- 1.2.6 Temperature and Time Effects
- 1.2.7 Work and Energy
- 1.2.8 Failure and Safety
- 1.3 Nonmechanical Properties
- 1.3.1 Density and Unit Weight
- 1.3.2 Thermal Expansion
- 1.3.3 Surface Characteristics
- 1.4 Production and Construction
- 1.5 Aesthetic Characteristics
- 1.6 Sustainable Design
- 1.7 Material Variability
- 1.7.1 Sampling
- 1.7.2 Normal Distribution
- 1.7.3 Control Charts
- 1.7.4 Experimental Error
- 1.8 Laboratory Measuring Devices
- 1.8.1 Dial Gauge
- 1.8.2 Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
- 1.8.3 Strain Gauge
- 1.8.4 Non-Contact Deformation Measurement Technique
- 1.8.5 Proving Ring
- 1.8.6 Load Cell
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- 1.9 References
TWO Nature of Materials
- 2.1 Basic Materials Concepts
- 2.1.1 Electron Configuration
- 2.1.2 Bonding
- 2.1.3 Material Classification by Bond Type
- 2.2 Metallic Materials
- 2.2.1 Lattice Structure
- 2.2.2 Lattice Defects
- 2.2.3 Grain Structure
- 2.2.4 Alloys
- 2.2.5 Phase Diagrams
- 2.2.6 Combined Effects
- 2.3 Inorganic Solids
- 2.4 Organic Solids
- 2.4.1 Polymer Development, Structure, and Cross-Linking
- 2.4.2 Melting and Glass Transition Temperature
- 2.4.3 Mechanical Properties
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- 2.5 References
THREE Steel
- 3.1 Steel Production
- 3.2 Iron—Carbon Phase Diagram
- 3.3 Heat Treatment of Steel
- 3.3.1 Annealing
- 3.3.2 Normalizing
- 3.3.3 Hardening
- 3.3.4 Tempering
- 3.3.5 Example of Heat Treatment
- 3.4 Steel Alloys
- 3.5 Structural Steel
- 3.5.1 Structural Steel Grades
- 3.5.2 Sectional Shapes
- 3.5.3 Specialty Steels in Structural Applications
- 3.6 Cold-Formed Steel
- 3.6.1 Cold-Formed Steel Grades
- 3.6.2 Cold-Formed Steel Shapes
- 3.6.3 Special Design Considerations for Cold-Formed Steel
- 3.7 Fastening Products
- 3.8 Reinforcing Steel
- 3.8.1 Conventional Reinforcing
- 3.8.2 Steel for Prestressed Concrete
- 3.9 Mechanical Testing of Steel
- 3.9.1 Tension Test
- 3.9.2 Torsion Test
- 3.9.3 Charpy V Notch Impact Test
- 3.9.4 Bend Test
- 3.9.5 Hardness Test
- 3.9.6 Ultrasonic Testing
- 3.10 Welding
- 3.11 Steel Corrosion
- 3.11.1 Methods for Corrosion Resistance
- 3.12 Steel Sustainability
- 3.12.1 LEED Considerations
- 3.12.2 Other Sustainability Considerations
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- 3.13 References
FOUR Aluminum
- 4.1 Aluminum Production
- 4.2 Aluminum Metallurgy
- 4.2.1 Alloy Designation System
- 4.2.2 Temper Treatments
- 4.3 Aluminum Testing and Properties
- 4.4 Welding and Fastening
- 4.5 Corrosion
- 4.6 Aluminum Sustainability
- 4.6.1 LEED Considerations
- 4.6.2 Other Sustainability Considerations
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- 4.7 References
FIVE Aggregates
- 5.1 Aggregate Sources
- 5.1 Aggregate Sources
- 5.2 Geological Classification
- 5.3 Evaluation of Aggregate Sources
- 5.4 Aggregate Uses
- 5.5 Aggregate Properties
- 5.5.1 Particle Shape and Surface Texture
- 5.5.2 Soundness and Durability
- 5.5.3 Toughness, Hardness, and Abrasion Resistance
- 5.5.4 Absorption
- 5.5.5 Specific Gravity
- 5.5.6 Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate
- 5.5.7 Strength and Modulus
- 5.5.8 Gradation
- 5.5.9 Cleanness and Deleterious Materials
- 5.5.10 Alkali—Aggregate Reactivity
- 5.5.11 Affinity for Asphalt
- 5.6 Handling Aggregates
- 5.6.1 Sampling Aggregates
- 5.7 Aggregates Sustainability
- 5.7.1 LEED Considerations
- 5.7.2 Other Sustainability Considerations
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- 5.8 References
SIX Portland Cement, Mixing Water, and Admixtures
- 6.1 Portland Cement Production
- 6.2 Chemical Composition of Portland Cement
- 6.3 Fineness of Portland Cement
- 6.4 Specific Gravity of Portland Cement
- 6.5 Hydration of Portland Cement
- 6.5.1 Structure Development in Cement Paste
- 6.5.2 Evaluation of Hydration Progress
- 6.6 Voids in Hydrated Cement
- 6.7 Properties of Hydrated Cement
- 6.7.1 Setting
- 6.7.2 Soundness
- 6.7.3 Compressive Strength of Mortar
- 6.8 Water—Cement Ratio
- 6.9 Types of Portland Cement
- 6.9.1 Standard Portland Cement Types
- 6.9.2 Other Cement Types
- 6.10 Mixing Water
- 6.10.1 Acceptable Criteria
- 6.10.2 Disposal and Reuse of Concrete Wash Water
- 6.11 Admixtures for Concrete
- 6.11.1 Air Entrainers
- 6.11.2 Water Reducers
- 6.11.3 Retarders
- 6.11.4 Hydration-Control Admixtures
- 6.11.5 Accelerators
- 6.11.6 Specialty Admixtures
- 6.12 Supplementary Cementitious Materials
- 6.13 Cement Sustainability
- 6.13.1 LEED Considerations
- 6.13.2 Other Sustainability Considerations
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- 6.14 References
SEVEN Portland Cement Concrete
- 7.1 Proportioning of Concrete Mixes
- 7.1.1 Basic Steps for Weight and Absolute Volume Methods
- 7.1.2 Mixing Concrete for Small Jobs
- 7.2 Mixing, Placing, and Handling Fresh Concrete
- 7.2.1 Ready-Mixed Concrete
- 7.2.2 Mobile Batcher Mixed Concrete
- 7.2.3 Depositing Concrete
- 7.2.4 Pumped Concrete
- 7.2.5 Vibration of Concrete
- 7.2.6 Pitfalls and Precautions for Mixing Water
- 7.2.7 Measuring Air Content in Fresh Concrete
- 7.2.8 Spreading and Finishing Concrete
- 7.3 Curing Concrete
- 7.3.1 Ponding or Immersion
- 7.3.2 Spraying or Fogging
- 7.3.3 Wet Coverings
- 7.3.4 Impervious Papers or Plastic Sheets
- 7.3.5 Membrane-Forming Compounds
- 7.3.6 Forms Left in Place
- 7.3.7 Steam Curing
- 7.3.8 Insulating Blankets or Covers
- 7.3.9 Electrical, Hot Oil, and Infrared Curing
- 7.3.10 Curing Period
- 7.4 Properties of Hardened Concrete
- 7.4.1 Early Volume Change
- 7.4.2 Creep Properties
- 7.4.3 Permeability
- 7.4.4 Stress—Strain Relationship
- 7.5 Testing of Hardened Concrete
- 7.5.1 Compressive Strength Test
- 7.5.2 Split-Tension Test
- 7.5.3 Flexure Strength Test
- 7.5.4 Rebound Hammer Test
- 7.5.5 Penetration Resistance Test
- 7.5.6 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
- 7.5.7 Maturity Test
- 7.6 Alternatives to Conventional Concrete
- 7.6.1 Self-Consolidating Concrete
- 7.6.2 Flowable Fill
- 7.6.3 Shotcrete
- 7.6.4 Lightweight Concrete
- 7.6.5 Heavyweight Concrete
- 7.6.6 High-Strength Concrete
- 7.6.7 Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete
- 7.6.8 Polymers and Concrete
- 7.6.9 Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
- 7.6.10 Roller-Compacted Concrete
- 7.6.11 High-Performance Concrete
- 7.6.12 Pervious Concrete
- 7.7 Concrete Sustainability
- 7.7.1 LEED Considerations
- 7.7.2 Other Sustainability Considerations
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- 7.8 References
EIGHT Masonry
- 8.1 Masonry Units
- 8.1.1 Concrete Masonry Units
- 8.1.2 Clay Bricks
- 8.2 Mortar
- 8.3 Grout
- 8.4 Plaster
- 8.5 Masonary Sustainability
- 8.5.1 LEED Considerations
- 8.5.2 Other Sustainability Consideration
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- 8.6 References
NINE Asphalt Binders and Asphalt Mixtures
- 9.1 Types of Asphalt Cement Products
- 9.2 Uses of Asphalt
- 9.3 Temperature Susceptibility of Asphalt
- 9.4 Chemical Properties of Asphalt
- 9.5 Superpave and Performance Grade Binders
- 9.6 Characterization of Asphalt Cement
- 9.6.1 Performance Grade Characterization Approach
- 9.6.2 Performance Grade Binder Characterization
- 9.6.3 Traditional Asphalt Characterization Tests
- 9.7 Classification of Asphalt
- 9.7.1 Asphalt Binders
- 9.7.2 Asphalt Cutbacks
- 9.7.3 Asphalt Emulsions
- 9.8 Asphalt Concrete
- 9.9 Asphalt Concrete Mix Design
- 9.9.1 Specimen Preparation in the Laboratory
- 9.9.2 Density and Voids Analysis
- 9.9.3 Superpave Mix Design
- 9.9.4 Superpave Refinement
- 9.9.5 Marshall Method of Mix Design
- 9.9.6 Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility
- 9.10 Characterization of Asphalt Concrete
- 9.10.1 Indirect Tensile Strength
- 9.10.2 Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester
- 9.11 Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete Production and Construction
- 9.11.1 Production of Raw Materials
- 9.11.2 Manufacturing Asphalt Concrete
- 9.11.3 Field Operations
- 9.12 Recycling of Asphalt Concrete
- 9.12.1 RAP Evaluation
- 9.12.2 RAP Mix Design
- 9.12.3 RAP Production and Construction
- 9.13 Additives
- 9.13.1 Fillers
- 9.13.2 Extenders
- 9.13.3 Polymer Modified Asphalt
- 9.13.4 Antistripping Agents
- 9.13.5 Others
- 9.14 W arm Mix
- 9.15 Asphalt Sustainability
- 9.15.1 LEED Considerations
- 9.15.2 Other Sustainability Considerations
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- 9.16 References
TEN Wood
- 10.1 Structure of Wood
- 10.1.1 Growth Rings
- 10.1.2 Anisotropic Nature of Wood
- 10.2 Chemical Composition
- 10.3 Moisture Content
- 10.4 Wood Production
- 10.4.1 Cutting Techniques
- 10.4.2 Seasoning
- 10.5 Lumber Grades
- 10.5.1 Hardwood Grades
- 10.5.2 Softwood Grades
- 10.6 Defects in Lumber
- 10.7 Physical Properties
- 10.7.1 Specific Gravity and Density
- 10.7.2 Thermal Properties
- 10.7.3 Electrical Properties
- 10.8 Mechanical Properties
- 10.8.1 Modulus of Elasticity
- 10.8.2 Strength Properties
- 10.8.3 Load Duration
- 10.8.4 Damping Capacity
- 10.9 Testing to Determine Mechanical Properties
- 10.9.1 Flexure Test of Structural Members (ASTM D198)
- 10.9.2 Flexure Test of Small, Clear Specimen (ASTM D143)
- 10.10 Design Considerations
- 10.11 Organisms that Degrade Wood
- 10.11.1 Fungi
- 10.11.2 Insects
- 10.11.3 Marine Organisms
- 10.11.4 Bacteria
- 10.12 Wood Preservation
- 10.12.1 Petroleum-Based Solutions
- 10.12.2 Waterborne Preservatives
- 10.12.3 Application Techniques
- 10.12.4 Construction Precautions
- 10.13 Engineered Wood Products
- 10.13.1 Structural Panels/Sheets
- 10.13.2 Structural Shapes
- 10.13.3 Composite Structural Members
- 10.14 Wood Sustainability
- 10.14.1 LEED Considerations
- 10.14.2 Other Sustainability Considerations
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- 10.15 References
ELEVEN Composites
- 11.1 Microscopic Composites
- 11.1.1 Fiber-Reinforced Composites
- 11.1.2 Particle-Reinforced Composites
- 11.1.3 Matrix Phase
- 11.1.4 Fabrication
- 11.1.5 Civil Engineering Applications
- 11.2 Macroscopic Composites
- 11.2.1 Plain Portland Cement Concrete
- 11.2.2 Reinforced Portland Cement Concrete
- 11.2.3 Asphalt Concrete
- 11.2.4 Engineered Wood
- 11.3 Properties of Composites
- 11.3.1 Ductility and Strength of Composite
- 11.3.2 Modulus of Elasticity of Composite
- 11.4 Composites Sustainability
- 11.4.1 LEED Considerations
- 11.4.2 Other Sustainability Considerations
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- 11.5 References
Appendix
Laboratory Manual
- Introduction to Measuring Devices
- Tension Test of Steel and Aluminum
- Torsion Test of Steel and Aluminum
- Impact Test of Steel
- Microscopic Inspection of Materials
- Creep in Polymers
- Sieve Analysis of Aggregates
- Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
- Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate
- Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate
- Slump of Freshly Mixed Portland Cement Concrete
- Unit Weight and Yield of Freshly Mixed Concrete
- Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by Pressure Method
- Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by Volumetric Method
- Making and Curing Concrete Cylinders and Beams
- Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens with Sulfur or Capping Compound
- Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
- Flexural Strength of Concrete
- Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete
- Penetration Resistance of Hardened Concrete
- Testing of Concrete Masonry Units
- Viscosity of Asphalt Binder by Rotational Viscometer
- Dynamic Shear Rheometer Test of Asphalt Binder
- Penetration Test of Asphalt Cement
- Absolute Viscosity Test of Asphalt
- Preparing and Determining the Density of Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) Specimens by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor
- Preparation of Asphalt Concrete Specimens Using the Marshall Compactor
- Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures
- Marshall Stability and Flow of Asphalt Concrete
- Bending (Flexure) Test of Wood
- Tensile Properties of Composites
- Effect of Fiber Orientation on the Elastic Modulus of Fiber Reinforced Composites
Index
Michael S. Mamlouk is a Professor of Civil, and Environmental and Sustainable Engineering at Arizona State University. He has many years of experience in teaching courses of civil engineering materials and other related subjects at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Dr. Mamlouk has directed many research projects and is the author of numerous publications in the fields of pavement and materials. He is a professional engineer in the state of Arizona. He Dr. Mamlouk is a fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers and a member of several other professional societies.
John P. Zaniewski is the Asphalt Technology Professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department of West Virginia University. Dr. Zaniewski earned teaching awards at both WVU and Arizona State University. In addition to materials, Dr. Zaniewski teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in pavement materials, design and management, and construction engineering and management. Dr. Zaniewski has been the principal investigator on numerous research projects for state, federal, and international sponsors. He is a member of several professional societies and has been a registered engineer in three states. He is the director of the WV Local Technology Assistance Program and has been actively involved in adult education related to highways.
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