Programming in C, 4th edition

    Introduction 1

1 Some Fundamentals 5

    Programming 5

    Higher-Level Languages 5

    Operating Systems 6

    Compiling Programs 7

    Integrated Development Environments 10

    Language Interpreters 10

2 Compiling and Running Your First Program 11

    Compiling Your Program 12

    Running Your Program 12

    Understanding Your First Program 13

    Displaying the Values of Variables 15

    Comments 17

    Exercises 19

3 Variables, Data Types, and Arithmetic Expressions 21

    Understanding Data Types and Constants 21

        The Integer Type int 22

        The Floating Number Type float 23

        The Extended Precision Type double 23

        The Single Character Type char 24

        The Boolean Data Type _Bool 24

        Type Specifiers: long, long long, short, unsigned, and signed 26

    Working with Variables 29

    Working with Arithmetic Expressions 30

        Integer Arithmetic and the Unary Minus Operator 33

    Combining Operations with Assignment: The Assignment Operators 39

    Types _Complex and _Imaginary 40

    Exercises 40

4 Program Looping 43

    Triangular Numbers 43

    The for Statement 44

        Relational Operators 46

        Aligning Output 50

    Program Input 51

        Nested for Loops 53

        for Loop Variants 55

    The while Statement 56

    The do Statement 60

        The break Statement 62

        The continue Statement 62

    Exercises 63

5 Making Decisions 65

    The if Statement 65

        The if-else Construct 69

        Compound Relational Tests 72

        Nested if Statements 74

        The else if Construct 76

    The switch Statement 83

    Boolean Variables 86

    The Conditional Operator 90

    Exercises 92

6 Working with Arrays 95

    Defining an Array 96

        Using Array Elements as Counters 100

        Generating Fibonacci Numbers 103

        Using an Array to Generate Prime Numbers 104

    Initializing Arrays 106

    Character Arrays 108

        Base Conversion Using Arrays 109

        The const Qualifier 111

    Multidimensional Arrays 113

    Variable Length Arrays 115

    Exercises 117

7 Working with Functions 119

    Defining a Function 119

    Arguments and Local Variables 123

        Function Prototype Declaration 124

        Automatic Local Variables 124

    Returning Function Results 126

    Functions Calling Functions Calling... 130

        Declaring Return Types and Argument Types 133

        Checking Function Arguments 135

    Top-Down Programming 137

    Functions and Arrays 137

        Assignment Operators 141

        Sorting Arrays 143

        Multidimensional Arrays 146

    Global Variables 151

    Automatic and Static Variables 155

    Recursive Functions 158

    Exercises 161

8 Working with Structures 163

    The Basics of Structures 163

    A Structure for Storing the Date 164

        Using Structures in Expressions 166

    Functions and Structures 169

        A Structure for Storing the Time 175

    Initializing Structures 178

        Compound Literals 178

    Arrays of Structures 180

    Structures Containing Structures 183

    Structures Containing Arrays 185

    Structure Variants 189

    Exercises 190

9 Character Strings 193

    Revisiting the Basics of Strings 193

    Arrays of Characters 194

    Variable-Length Character Strings 197

        Initializing and Displaying Character Strings 199

        Testing Two Character Strings for Equality 202

        Inputting Character Strings 204

        Single-Character Input 206

        The Null String 211

    Escape Characters 215

    More on Constant Strings 217

    Character Strings, Structures, and Arrays 218

        A Better Search Method 221

    Character Operations 226

    Exercises 229

10 Pointers 233

    Pointers and Indirection 233

    Defining a Pointer Variable 234

    Using Pointers in Expressions 237

    Working with Pointers and Structures 239

        Structures Containing Pointers 241

        Linked Lists 243

    The Keyword const and Pointers 251

    Pointers and Functions 252

    Pointers and Arrays 258

        A Slight Digression About Program Optimization 262

        Is It an Array or Is It a Pointer? 262

        Pointers to Character Strings 264

        Constant Character Strings and Pointers 266

        The Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited 267

    Operations on Pointers 271

    Pointers to Functions 272

    Pointers and Memory Addresses 273

    Exercises 275

11 Operations on Bits 277

    The Basics of Bits 277

    Bit Operators 278

        The Bitwise AND Operator 279

        The Bitwise Inclusive-OR Operator 281

        The Bitwise Exclusive-OR Operator 282

        The Ones Complement Operator 283

        The Left Shift Operator 285

        The Right Shift Operator 286

        A Shift Function 286

        Rotating Bits 288

    Bit Fields 291

    Exercises 295

12 The Preprocessor 297

    The #define Statement 297

        Program Extendability 301

        Program Portability 302

        More Advanced Types of Definitions 304

        The # Operator 309

        The ## Operator 310

    The #include Statement 311

        System Include Files 313

    Conditional Compilation 314

        The #ifdef, #endif, #else, and #ifndef Statements 314

        The #if and #elif Preprocessor Statements 316

        The #undef Statement 317

    Exercises 318

13 Extending Data Types with the Enumerated Data Type, Type Definitions, and Data Type Conversions 319

    Enumerated Data Types 319

    The typedef Statement 323

    Data Type Conversions 325

        Sign Extension 327

        Argument Conversion 328

    Exercises 329

14 Working with Larger Programs 331

    Dividing Your Program into Multiple Files 331

        Compiling Multiple Source Files from the Command Line 332

    Communication Between Modules 334

        External Variables 334

        Static Versus Extern Variables and Functions 337

        Using Header Files Effectively 339

    Other Utilities for Working with Larger Programs 341

        The make Utility 341

        The cvs Utility 343

        Unix Utilities: ar, grep, sed, and so on 343

15 Input and Output Operations in C 345

    Character I/O: getchar() and putchar() 346

    Formatted I/O: printf() and scanf() 346

        The printf() Function 346

        The scanf() Function 353

    Input and Output Operations with Files 358

        Redirecting I/O to a File 358

        End of File 361

    Special Functions for Working with Files 362

        The fopen Function 362

    The getc() and putc() Functions 364

        The fclose() Function 365

        The feof Function 367

        The fprintf() and fscanf() Functions 367

        The fgets() and fputs() Functions 367

        stdin, stdout, and stderr 368

        The exit() Function 369

        Renaming and Removing Files 370

    Exercises 371

16 Miscellaneous and Advanced Features 373

    Miscellaneous Language Statements 373

        The goto Statement 373

        The null Statement 374

    Working with Unions 375

    The Comma Operator 378

    Type Qualifiers 379

        The register Qualifier 379

        The volatile Qualifier 379

        The restrict Qualifier 379

    Command-line Arguments 380

    Dynamic Memory Allocation 384

        The calloc() and malloc() Functions 385

        The sizeof Operator 385

        The free Function 387

    Exercises 389

17 Debugging Programs 391

    Debugging with the Preprocessor 391

    Debugging Programs with gdb 397

        Working with Variables 400

        Source File Display 401

        Controlling Program Execution 402

        Getting a Stack Trace 406

        Calling Functions and Setting Arrays and Structures 407

        Getting Help with gdb Commands 408

        Odds and Ends 410

18 Object-Oriented Programming 413

    What Is an Object Anyway? 413

    Instances and Methods 414

    Writing a C Program to Work with Fractions 416

    Defining an Objective-C Class to Work with Fractions 417

    Defining a C++ Class to Work with Fractions 421

    Defining a C# Class to Work with Fractions 424

A C Language Summary 427

B The Standard C Library 471

C Compiling Programs with gcc 495

D Common Programming Mistakes 499

E Resources 505

TOC, 9780321776419, 7/28/2014