Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, 14th edition

FICTION

Talking with Amy Tan

1. READING A STORY
   • THE ART OF FICTION
   • TYPES OF SHORT FICTION
   • Sufi Legend, Death Has an Appointment in Samarra A student tries to flee from Death in this brief, sardonic fable.
   • Aesop, The Fox and the Grapes Ever wonder where the phrase “sour grapes” comes from? Find out in this classic fable.
   • Bidpai, The Camel and His Friends With friends like these, you can guess what the camel doesn’t need.
   • Chuang Tzu, Independence The Prince of Ch’u asks the philosopher Chuang Tzu to become his advisor and gets a surprising reply in this classic Chinese fable.
   • Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Godfather Death Neither God nor the Devil came to the christening. In this stark folktale, a young man receives magical powers with a string attached.
   • PLOT
   • THE SHORT STORY
   • John Updike, A & P In walk three girls in nothing but bathing suits, and Sammy finds himself no longer an aproned checkout clerk but an armored knight.
   • WRITING EFFECTIVELY
   • Wilhelm Grimm on Writing, On the Nature of Fairy Tales
   • THINKING ABOUT PLOT
   • CHECKLIST: Writing about Plot
   • TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PLOT
   • TERMS FOR REVIEW
2. POINT OF VIEW
   • IDENTIFYING POINT OF VIEW
   • TYPES OF NARRATORS
   • HOW MUCH DOES A NARRATOR KNOW?
   • STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS
   • William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily Proud, imperious Emily Grierson defies the town from the fortress of her mansion. Who could have guessed the secret that lay within?
   • Muriel Spark, The First Year of My Life An omniscient infant narrator, able to access any conversation or scene on the planet, is born into a time of war.
   • Eudora Welty, A Worn Path When the man says to old Phoenix, “You must be a hundred years old, and scared of nothing,” he might be exaggerating, but not by much.
   • James Baldwin, Sonny’s Blues Two brothers in Harlem see life differently. The older brother is the sensible family man, but Sonny wants to be a jazz musician.
   • WRITING EFFECTIVELY
   • James Baldwin on Writing, Race and the African American Writer
   • THINKING ABOUT POINT OF VIEW
   • CHECKLIST: Writing About Point of View
   • TOPICS FOR WRITING ON POINT OF VIEW
   • TERMS FOR REVIEW
3. CHARACTER
   • CHARACTERIZATION
   • MOTIVATION
   • Tobias Wolff, Bullet in the Brain Anders is in line when armed robbers enter the bank, and he can’t help but get involved.
   • Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Alone in the house, Connie finds herself helpless before the advances of Arnold Friend, a spellbinding imitation teenager.
   • Toni Morrison, Recitatif Over many decades, two women’s lives continue to collide, as they find that their relationship is complicated by the challenges of race, class, and circumstance.
   • Raymond Carver, Cathedral He never expected to find himself trying to describe a cathedral to a blind man. He hadn’t even wanted to meet this odd, old friend of his wife.
   • WRITING EFFECTIVELY
   • Raymond Carver on Writing, Commonplace but Precise Language
   • THINKING ABOUT CHARACTER
   • CHECKLIST: Writing about Character
   • TOPICS FOR WRITING ON CHARACTER
   • TERMS FOR REVIEW
4. SETTING
   • ELEMENTS OF SETTING
   • HISTORICAL FICTION
   • REGIONALISM
   • NATURALISM
   • HOW SETTING CAN HARMONIZE WITH OTHER ELEMENTS OF A STORY
   • Kate Chopin, The Storm Even with her husband away, Calixta feels happily, securely married. Why then should she not shelter an old admirer from the rain?
   • Jack London, To Build a Fire Seventy-five degrees below zero. Alone except for one mistrustful wolf dog, a man finds himself battling a relentless force.
   • Ron Carlson, At the Jim Bridger Two men nearly freeze to death in the Wyoming wilderness. How does their intimate encounter with their mortality change them?
   • Amy Tan, A Pair of Tickets A young woman flies with her father to China to meet two half-sisters she never knew existed.
   • WRITING EFFECTIVELY
   • Amy Tan on Writing, Developing a Setting
   • THINKING ABOUT SETTING
   • CHECKLIST: Writing About Setting
   • TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SETTING
   • TERMS FOR REVIEW
5. TONE AND STYLE
   • TONE
   • STYLE
   • DICTION
   • Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place All by himself each night, the old man lingers in the bright café. What does he need more than brandy?
   • William Faulkner, Barn Burning This time when Ab Snopes wields his blazing torch, his son Sarty faces a dilemma: whether to obey or defy the vengeful old man.
   • IRONY
   • O. Henry, The Gift of the Magi A young husband and wife find ingenious ways to buy each other Christmas presents, in the classic story that defines the word “irony.”
   • Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings John and Mary meet. What happens next? This witty experimental story offers several different outcomes.
   • WRITING EFFECTIVELY
   • Ernest Hemingway on Writing, The Direct Style
   • THINKING ABOUT TONE AND STYLE
   • CHECKLIST: Writing about Tone and Style
   • TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE AND STYLE
   • TERMS FOR REVIEW
6. THEME
   • PLOT VERSUS THEME
   • SUMMARIZING THE THEME
   • FINDING THE THEME
   • Stephen Crane, The Open Boat In a lifeboat circled by sharks, tantalized by glimpses of land, a reporter scrutinizes Fate and learns about comradeship.
   • Sandra Cisneros, Barbie-Q The trouble with buying Barbie dolls is that you want all the clothes, companions, and accessories. But in this neighborhood, things suddenly change.
   • Luke, The Parable of the Prodigal Son A father has two sons. One demands his inheritance now and leaves to spend it with ruinous results.
   • Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Harrison Bergeron Are you handsome? Then off with your eyebrows! Are you brainy? Then a transmitter will sound thought-shattering beeps inside your ear.
   • WRITING EFFECTIVELY
   • Kurt Vonnegut Jr. on Writing, The Themes of Science Fiction
   • THINKING ABOUT THEME
   • CHECKLIST: Writing About Theme
   • TOPICS FOR WRITING ON THEME
   • TERMS FOR REVIEW
7. SYMBOL
   • ALLEGORY
   • SYMBOLS
   • RECOGNIZING SYMBOLS
   • John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums Fenced-in Elisa feels emotionally starved–then her life promises to blossom with the arrival of the scissors-grinding man.
   • Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace A woman enjoys one night of luxury, and then spends years of her life paying for it.
   • Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas Omelas is the perfect city. All of its inhabitants are happy. But everyone’s prosperity depends on a hidden evil.
   • Shirley Jackson, The Lottery Splintered and faded, the sinister black box has worked its annual terror for longer than anyone in town can remember.
   • WRITING EFFECTIVELY
   • Shirley Jackson on Writing, Biography of a Story
   • THINKING ABOUT SYMBOLS
   • CHECKLIST: Writing About Symbols
   • Sample Student Paper, An Analysis of the Symbolism in Steinbeck’s “The Chrysanthemums”
   • TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SYMBOLS
   • TERMS FOR REVIEW
8. GENRE FICTION
   • ROMANCE VERSUS REALISM
   • WHAT IS GENRE?
   • COMMON TYPES OF GENRE FICTION
   • GENRE AND POPULAR CULTURE
   • Ray Bradbury, A Sound of Thunder In 2055, you can go on a Time Safari to hunt dinosaurs 60 million years ago. But put one foot wrong, and suddenly the future’s not what it used to be.
   • Kelly Link, The Faery Handbag The magical handbag allows one to access other worlds, with both beautiful and dark consequences.
   • H. P. Lovecraft, The Outsider He has been locked in a gothic castle for his entire life, until the day he escapes, but what he discovers outside sends him running back to his dark captivity.
   • Dashiell Hammett, One Hour Someone killed a man named Newhouse in broad daylight on a San Francisco street. Our detective is on the case.
   • WRITING EFFECTIVELY
   • Ray Bradbury on Writing, Falling in Love at the Library
   • TOPICS FOR WRITING
   • TERMS FOR REVIEW
9. READING LONG STORIES AND NOVELS
   • ORIGINS OF THE NOVEL
   • NOVELISTIC METHODS
   • READING NOVELS
   • Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych The supreme Russian novelist tells how a petty, ambitious judge, near the end of his wasted life, discovers a harrowing truth.
   • Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis “When Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from troubled dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a monstrous insect.” Kafka’s famous opening sentence introduces one of the most chilling stories in world literature.
   • WRITING EFFECTIVELY
   • Franz Kafka on Writing, Gustav Janouch Discussing The Metamorphosis
   • THINKING ABOUT LONG STORIES AND NOVELS
   • CHECKLIST: Writing About Long Stories and Novels
   • TOPICS FOR WRITING ON LONG STORIES AND NOVELS
   • TERMS FOR REVIEW
10. LATIN AMERICAN FICTION
    • EL BOOM
    • MAGIC REALISM
    • AFTER EL BOOM
    • ARGENTINA: Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark A young man from Buenos Aires is trapped by a flood on an isolated ranch. To pass the time, he reads the Gospel to a family, with unforeseen results.
    • COLOMBIA: Gabriel García Márquez, The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World Even in death, a mysterious stranger has a profound effect on all of the people in the village.
    • CHILE: Isabel Allende, Revenge The young, beautiful Dulce Rosa Orellano is Queen of the Carnival and the daughter of a beloved Senator, and then a night of terrible violence changes her life forever.
    • MEXICO: Juan Rulfo, Tell Them Not to Kill Me! A violent episode from decades past catches up with an old man. Will he be saved from the firing squad?
    • WRITING EFFECTIVELY
    • Jorge Luis Borges on Writing, On Storytelling
    • TOPICS FOR WRITING
    • TERMS FOR REVIEW
11. CRITICAL CASEBOOK: Flannery O’Connor
    • FLANNERY O’CONNOR
    • A Good Man Is Hard to Find Wanted: The Misfit, a cold-blooded killer. An ordinary family vacation leads to horror–and one moment of redeeming grace.
    • Revelation Mrs. Turpin thinks herself Jesus’s favorite child, until she meets a troubled college girl. Soon violence flares in a doctor’s waiting room.
    • Parker’s Back A tormented man tries to find his way to God and to his wife–by having himself tattooed.
    • FLANNERY O’CONNOR ON WRITING
    • Insights into “A Good Man Is Hard to Find”
    • On Her Catholic Faith
    • CRITICS ON FLANNERY O’CONNOR
    • Benjamin Percy, There Will Be Blood: Violence in Flannery O’Connor’s Fiction
    • J. O. Tate, A Good Source Is Not So Hard to Find: The Real Life Misfit
    • Louise S. Cowan, The Character of Mrs. Turpin in “Revelation”
    • Damian J. Ference, No Vague Believer
    • Lucinda Williams, Meeting Flannery O’Connor
    • WRITING EFFECTIVELY
    • TOPICS FOR WRITING ON FLANNERY O’CONNOR
12. CRITICAL CASEBOOK: Three Stories in Depth
    • EDGAR ALLAN POE
    • The Tell-Tale Heart The smoldering eye at last extinguished, a murderer finds that, despite all his attempts at a cover-up, his victim will be heard.
    • EDGAR ALLAN POE ON WRITING
    • On Imagination
    • The Philosophy of Composition
    • CRITICS ON “THE TELL-TALE HEART”
    • Daniel Hoffman, The Father-Figure in “The Tell-Tale Heart”
    • Scott Peeples, “The Tell-Tale Heart” as a Love Story
    • Charles Baudelaire, Poe’s Characters
    • CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN
    • The Yellow Wallpaper A doctor prescribes a “rest cure” for his wife after the birth of their child. The new mother tries to settle in to life in the isolated and mysterious country house they have rented for the summer. The cure proves worse than the disease in this Gothic classic.
    • CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN ON WRITING
    • Why I Wrote “The Yellow Wallpaper”
    • The Nervous Breakdown of Women
    • CRITICS ON “THE YELLOW WALLPAPER”
    • Juliann Fleenor, Gender and Pathology in “The Yellow Wallpaper”
    • Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Imprisonment and Escape: The Psychology of Confinement
    • Elizabeth Ammons, Biographical Echoes in “The Yellow Wallpaper”
    • ALICE WALKER
    • Everyday Use When successful Dee visits from the city, she has changed her name to reflect her
    • African roots. Her mother and sister notice other things have changed, too.
    • ALICE WALKER ON WRITING
    • The Black Woman Writer in America
    • Reflections on Writing and Women’s Lives
    • CRITICS ON “EVERYDAY USE”
    • Barbara T. Christian, “Everyday Use” and the Black Power Movement
    • Mary Helen Washington, “Everyday Use” as a Portrait of the Artist
    • Houston A. Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker, Stylish vs. Sacred in “Everyday Use”
    • WRITING EFFECTIVELY
    • TOPICS FOR WRITING
13. GALLERY OF INTERNATIONAL VOICES
    • NIGERIA: Chinua Achebe, Dead Men’s Path The new headmaster of the village school is determined to fight superstition, but the villagers do not agree.
    • BANGLADESH: Tahmima Anam, Garments The girl who works next to Jesmin in the garments factory says one day, “My boyfriend wants to marry you.” Should Jesmin become this man’s third wife?
    • MEXICO: Inés Arredondo, The Shunammite When Luisa visits her dying uncle, she has no idea that her life is about to change forever.
    • ALGERIA/FRANCE: Albert Camus, The Guest A prisoner is delivered to a schoolhouse on a remote hillside, and the schoolmaster must decide what to do with him.
    • SOUTH AFRICA: Nadine Gordimer, The Defeated In a dusty South African mining town, two schoolgirls become unlikely friends. As they grow up together, they start to grow apart.
    • JAPAN: Kazuo Ishiguro, A Family Supper Something very odd lurks beneath the surface of this family supper, and it might prove fatal.
    • CHINA: Ha Jin, Saboteur When the police unfairly arrest Mr. Chiu, he hopes for justice. After witnessing their brutality, he quietly plans revenge.
    • ANTIGUA: Jamaica Kincaid, Girl “Try to walk like a lady, and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming.” An old-fashioned mother tells her daughter how to live.
    • EGYPT: Naguib Mahfouz, The Lawsuit He thought he’d seen the last of his late father’s second wife, but now she’s back to trouble his peaceful existence.
    • INDIA: Bharati Mukherjee, Saints Shawn wanders around his neighborhood at night, imagining an existence other than the sad, confusing, and often frightening home life dominated by the unwelcome presence of his mom’s boyfriend, Wayne.
    • CANADA: Alice Munro, Wild Swans Rose has a disturbing and transformative experience on her first train ride to the big city.
    • IRAN: Marjane Satrapi, Kim Wilde (from Persepolis) During the Islamic Revolution, rock ‘n’ roll contraband is smuggled into Iran.
14. STORIES FOR FURTHER READING
    • Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona The only one who can help Victor when his father dies is a childhood friend he’s been avoiding for years.
    • T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake Murky and strewn with beer cans, the lake appears to be a wasteland. One grim night on its shore, three “dangerous characters” learn a lesson.
    • Willa Cather, Paul’s Case Paul’s teachers can’t understand the boy. Then one day, with stolen cash, he boards a train for New York and the life of his dreams.
    • Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour “There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle and elusive to name.”
    • Neil Gaiman, How to Talk to Girls at Parties Two teenage boys try to navigate their way through a party filled with exotic, mysterious girls.
    • Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown Urged on through deepening woods, a young Puritan sees–or dreams he sees–good villagers hasten toward a diabolic rite.
    • Zora Neale Hurston, Sweat Delia’s hard work paid for her small house. Now her drunken husband Sykes has promised it to another woman.
    • James Joyce, Araby If only he can find her a token, she might love him in return. As night falls, a Dublin boy hurries to make his dream come true.
    • Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of Maladies Mr. Kapasi’s life had settled into a quiet pattern–and then Mrs. Das and her family come into it.
    • Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill Sundays had long brought joy to solitary Miss Brill, until one fateful day when she happens to share a bench with two lovers in the park.
    • Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried What each soldier carries into the combat zone is largely determined by necessity, but each man’s necessities differ.
    • Daniel Orozco, Orientation “Those are the offices and these are the cubicles.” Welcome to the first day of your new job.
    • George Saunders, Puppy A puppy for sale exposes the vast class differences between seller and buyer.
    • Wells Tower, Everything Ravaged, Everything Burned Marauders ransack an island in a terrible show of violence, but not all the pirates have dark hearts.
    • Virginia Woolf, A Haunted House Whatever hour you wake, a door is shutting. From room to room the ghostly couple walks, hand in hand.

POETRY

Talking with Kay Ryan

15. READING A POEM
    • POETRY OR VERSE
    • HOW TO READ A POEM
    • PARAPHRASE
    • William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree
    • LYRIC POETRY
    • Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
    • Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers
    • NARRATIVE POETRY
    • Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence
    • Robert Frost, “Out, Out–”
    • DRAMATIC POETRY
    • Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
    • DIDACTIC POETRY
    • WRITING EFFECTIVELY
    • Adrienne Rich on Writing, Recalling “Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers”
    • THINKING ABOUT PARAPHRASING
    • William Stafford, Ask Me
    • William Stafford, A Paraphrase of “Ask Me”
    • CHECKLIST: Writing a Paraphrase
    • TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PARAPHRASING
    • TERMS FOR REVIEW
16. LISTENING TO A VOICE
    • TONE
    • Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz
    • Stephen Crane, The Wayfarer
    • Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book
    • Rhina Espaillat, Bilingual / Bilingüe
    • Franz Wright, Alcohol
    • Gwendolyn Brooks, Speech to the Young. Speech to the Progress-Toward.
    • Weldon Kees, For My Daughter
    • THE SPEAKER IN THE POEM
    • Natasha Trethewey, White Lies
    • Edwin Arlington Robinson, Luke Havergal
    • Anonymous, Dog Haiku
    • William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
    • Dorothy Wordsworth, Journal Entry
    • Karen An-hwei Lee, Rainfall
    • William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
    • IRONY
    • Robert Creeley, Oh No
    • W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen
    • Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage
    • Thomas Hardy, The Workbox
    • Sarah N. Cleghorn, The Golf Links
    • Edna St. Vincent Millay, Second Fig
    • FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
    • William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper
    • Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta
    • Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
    • WRITING EFFECTIVELY
    • Wilfred Owen on Writing, War Poetry
    • THINKING ABOUT TONE
    • CHECKLIST: Writing About Tone
    • TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE
    • Sample Student Paper, Word Choice, Tone, and Point of View in Roethke’s “My Papa’s Waltz”
    • TERMS FOR REVIEW
17. WORDS
    • LITERAL MEANING: WHAT A POEM SAYS FIRST
    • William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say
    • DICTION
    • John Masefield, Cargoes
    • Robert Graves, Down, Wanton, Down!
    • John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God, for You
    • THE VALUE OF A DICTIONARY
    • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Aftermath
    • Samuel Menashe, Bread
    • Carl Sandburg, Grass
    • J. V. Cunningham, Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead
    • WORD CHOICE AND WORD ORDER
    • Robert Herrick, Upon Julia’s Clothes
    • Kay Ryan, Blandeur
    • Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid
    • Richard Eberhart, The Fury of Aerial Bombardment
    • Julie Larios, What Bee Did
    • Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts
    • FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
    • Sarah Cortez, Adam
    • E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town
    • Anonymous, Carnation Milk
    • Gina Valdés, English con Salsa
    • William Wordsworth, My heart leaps up when I behold
    • William Wordsworth, Mutability
    • Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky
    • WRITING EFFECTIVELY
    • Lewis Carroll on Writing, Humpty Dumpty Explicates “Jabberwocky”
    • THINKING ABOUT DICTION
    • CHECKLIST: Writing About Diction
    • TOPICS FOR WRITING ON WORD CHOICE
    • TERMS FOR REVIEW
18. SAYING AND SUGGESTING
    • DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
    • William Blake, London
    • Wallace Stevens, Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock