Blogs

By Jennie Golding and Mary Richardson

Participation in STEM (Science Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) in England, from age 16 onwards, has for many years been dominated by boys, despite several targeted interventions aimed at addressing the  gender gap. For 16-18 year olds, boys’ participation in A Level(s) in mathematics, physics and technology significantly exceeds girls’, with participation rates stubbornly intractable. The picture continues on this gendered trajectory when participation in university mathematics- intense courses such as physics, engineering, computing…. and related graduate careers is analysed. 

By Jennie Golding and Mary Richardson

Nations around the world continue to subscribe to large-scale international assessments of educational attainment (ILSAs), at considerable cost in both time and (usually, government) money. Participation in ILSAs carried out by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (for example PISA) and the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement ( for example TIMSS and PIRLS) recognises that knowledge and skills are strategic resources that provide the foundations for a nation’s economic performance. ILSAs allow comparative judgments to be made about specific areas of national curricula; they also usually include surveys of learner (and teacher, and sometimes parent) viewpoints and experiences in those areas. They are a potentially rich source of information, and there is no doubt that the findings influence policy and practice in participating countries. 

UCL IOE TIMSS team

UCL IOE led the research and analysis for TIMSS 2019 and is doing so again for TIMSS 2023; as a research team we are interested in the experiences of the test takers, and central to our explorations of the TIMSS19 data was performance in the tests and how this differed according to the gender of participants. An equally important feature was exploring by gender the ‘voice’ of participating pupils articulated through survey questionnaires, and their attitudes towards learning in mathematics and science.  Like many studies, TIMSS avoids the terms sex and gender, and offers ‘Male’ or ‘Female’ (here, we use ‘girls’ and ‘boys’). 

UCL IOE led the research and analysis for TIMSS 2019 and is doing so again for TIMSS 2023. Reflecting on TIMSS 2019 raised the question, ‘What do our primary and secondary schools do well, in relation to mathematics and science?’ Answers allow us to value what our young people achieve, and the professional and other support they have in achieving it. A key question for 2023 will of course be, ‘To what extent have schools maintained and perhaps extended what they do well, through the last four years that have included the pandemic?’

The TIMSS 2019 National Report shows that young people in England performed, on average, significantly¹ above the TIMSS centre point (500) in mathematics and science in both years 5 and 9, and across almost all content areas. In mathematics, both year groups were good at handling data, an area that is ever-more important in our data-saturated world. 2019 performance in year 5 mathematics improved significantly from all previous cycles. In mathematics, many more students hit the advanced, high and intermediate international benchmarks and performed well when compared to both other English- speaking countries, and those in a representative ‘comparator’ group of other European countries.
 

In 2019 England participated for the 7th time in the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). Our research team at UCL Institute of Education in London are interested in how the TIMSS results relate to what we already know about pupils of a similar age – Years 6 and 11 – gleaned from the National Pupil Database and key stage 2 tests/GCSEs. We looked at the 2019 data rather than data from 2020 or 2021 for two reasons – that was the year of the TIMSS study but more importantly it was the last year unaffected by Covid-19.

The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is an assessment of mathematics and science performance that has been monitoring global trends in pupil attainment at Years 5 and 9 since 1995. TIMSS takes place every 4 years in over 60 countries; it provides internationally-comparable data about performance and how this relates to pupils’ attitudes, gender and background. TIMSS also includes surveys of teachers and school leaders to gather information about their views on teaching and resources for mathematics and science.