Campbell Essential Biology, 7th edition

Campbell Essential Biology is available in 2 versions:

• Essential Biology with Physiology contains Chapters 1-29
• Essential Biology contains Chapters 1-20

1. Learning About Life
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Swimming with the Turtles
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: A Passion for Life
• The Scientific Study of Life
• An Overview of the Process of Science
• Hypotheses, Theories, and Facts
• Controlled Experiments
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do Baby Turtles Swim?
• Evaluating Scientific Claims
• The Properties of Life
• Major Themes in Biology
• The Relationship of Structure to Function
• Information Flow
• Pathways That Transform Energy and Matter
• Interactions within Biological Systems
• Evolution
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Turtles in the Tree of Life

UNIT 1: CELLS

2. Essential Chemistry for Biology
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Helpful Radiation
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Nuclear Medicine
• Some Basic Chemistry
• Matter: Elements and Compounds
• Atoms
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Effective Is Radiation in Treating Prostate Cancer?
• Chemical Bonding and Molecules
• Chemical Reactions
• Water and Life
• Water
• Acids, Bases, and pH
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Radioactivity as an Evolutionary Clock

3. The Molecules of Life
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Lactose Intolerance
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Got Lactose?
• Organic Compounds
• Carbon Chemistry
• Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks
• Large Biological Molecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Does Lactose Intolerance Have a Genetic Basis?
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Lactose Intolerance in Humans

4. A Tour of the Cell
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Humans Versus Bacteria
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Antibiotics: Drugs That Target Bacterial Cells
• The Microscopic World of Cells
• The Two Major Categories of Cells
• An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells
• Membrane Structure
• The Plasma Membrane
• Cell Surfaces
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Was the First 21st-Century Antibiotic Discovered?
• The Nucleus and Ribosomes: Genetic Control of the Cell
• The Nucleus
• Ribosomes
• How DNA Directs Protein Production
• The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular Products
• The Endoplasmic Reticulum
• The Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
• Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: Providing Cellular Energy
• Chloroplasts
• Mitochondria
• The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and Movement
• Maintaining Cell Shape
• Flagella and Cilia
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Humans

5. The Working Cell
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Nanotechnology
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Harnessing Cellular Structures
• Some Basic Energy Concepts
• Conservation of Energy
• Heat
• Chemical Energy
• Food Calories
• ATP and Cellular Work
• The Structure of ATP
• Phosphate Transfer
• The ATP Cycle
• Enzymes
• Activation Energy
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Enzymes Be Engineered?
• Enzyme Activity
• Enzyme Inhibitors
• Membrane Function
• Passive Transport: Diffusion across Membranes
• Osmosis and Water Balance
• Active Transport: The Pumping of Molecules across Membranes
• Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large Molecules
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Origin of Membranes

6. Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Exercise Science
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Getting the Most Out of Your Muscles
• Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere
• Producers and Consumers
• Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
• Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy
• An Overview of Cellular Respiration
• The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration
• The Results of Cellular Respiration
• Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy
• Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Causes Muscle Burn?
• Fermentation in Microorganisms
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Importance of Oxygen

7. Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Solar Energy
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: A Solar Revolution
• The Basics of Photosynthesis
• Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis
• An Overview of Photosynthesis
• The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy
• The Nature of Sunlight
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Colors of Light Drive Photosynthesis
• Chloroplast Pigments
• How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy
• How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH
• The Calvin Cycle: Making Sugar from Carbon Dioxide
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Creating a Better Biofuel Factory

UNIT 2: GENETICS

8. Cellular Reproduction: Cells from Cells
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Life with and without Sex
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Virgin Birth of a Shark
• What Cell Reproduction Accomplishes
• The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
• Eukaryotic Chromosomes
• The Cell Cycle
• Mitosis and Cytokinesis
• Cancer Cells: Dividing Out of Control
• Meiosis, the Basis of Sexual Reproduction
• Homologous Chromosomes
• Gametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual Organism
• The Process of Meiosis
• Review: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
• The Origins of Genetic Variation
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do All Animals Have Sex?
• When Meiosis Goes Wrong
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Advantages of Sex

9. Patterns of Inheritance
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Dog Breeding
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Darwin's Dogs
• Genetics and Heredity
• In an Abbey Garden
• Mendel's Law of Segregation
• Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
• Using a Testcross to Determine an Unknown Genotype
• The Rules of Probability
• Family Pedigrees
• Human Traits Controlled by a Single Gene
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Is the Genetic Basis of Short Legs in Dogs?
• Variations on Mendel's Laws
• Incomplete Dominance in Plants and People
• ABO Blood Groups: An Example of Multiple Alleles and Codominance
• Pleiotropy and Sickle-Cell Disease
• Polygenic Inheritance
• Epigenetics and the Role of Environment
• The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
• Linked Genes
• Sex Determination in Humans
• Sex-Linked Genes
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Barking Up the Evolutionary Tree

10. The Structure and Function of DNA
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Deadly Viruses
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Global Threat of Zika Virus
• DNA: Structure and Replication
• DNA and RNA Structure
• Watson and Crick's Discovery of the Double Helix
• DNA Replication
• From DNA to RNA to Protein
• How an Organism's Genotype Determines Its Phenotype
• From Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An Overview
• The Genetic Code
• Transcription: From DNA to RNA
• The Processing of Eukaryotic RNA
• Translation: The Players
• Translation: The Process
• Review: DNA S RNA S Protein
• Mutations
• Viruses and Other Noncellular Infectious Agents
• Bacteriophages
• Plant Viruses
• Animal Viruses
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can DNA and RNA Vaccines Protect Against Viruses?
• HIV, the AIDS Virus
• Prions
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Emerging Viruses

11. How Genes Are Controlled
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Cancer
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Breast Cancer and Chemotherapy
• How and Why Genes Are Regulated
• Gene Regulation in Bacteria
• Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells
• Cell Signaling
• Homeotic Genes
• Visualizing Gene Expression
• Cloning Plants and Animals
• The Genetic Potential of Cells
• Reproductive Cloning of Animals
• Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells
• The Genetic Basis of Cancer
• Genes That Cause Cancer
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Avatars Improve Cancer Treatment?
• Cancer Risk and Prevention
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Cancer in the Body

12. DNA Technology
• CHAPTER THREAD
• DNA Profiling
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Using DNA to Establish Guilt and Innocence
• Genetic Engineering
• Recombinant DNA Techniques
• Gene Editing
• Medical Applications
• Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture
• Human Gene Therapy
• DNA Profiling and Forensic Science
• DNA Profiling Techniques
• Investigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA
• Bioinformatics
• DNA Sequencing
• Genomics
• Genome-Mapping Techniques
• The Human Genome
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Did Nic Have a Deadly Gene?
• Applied Genomics
• Systems Biology
• Safety and Ethical Issues
• The Controversy over Genetically Modified Foods
• Ethical Questions Raised by Human DNA Technologies
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Y Chromosome as a Window on History

UNIT 3: EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY

13. How Populations Evolve
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Evolution in Action
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Mosquitoes and Evolution
• The Diversity of Life
• Naming and Classifying the Diversity of Life
• Explaining the Diversity of Life
• Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species
• Darwin's Journey
• Darwin's Theory
• Evidence of Evolution
• Evidence from Fossils
• Evidence from Homologies
• Evolutionary Trees
• Natural Selection as the Mechanism for Evolution
• Natural Selection in Action
• Key Points about Natural Selection
• The Evolution of Populations
• Sources of Genetic Variation
• Populations as the Units of Evolution
• Analyzing Gene Pools
• Population Genetics and Health Science
• Microevolution as Change in a Gene Pool
• Mechanisms of Evolution
• Natural Selection
• Genetic Drift
• Gene Flow
• Natural Selection: A Closer Look
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Did Natural Selection Shape the Beaks of Darwin's Finches?
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Rising Threat of Antibiotic Resistance

14. How Biological Diversity Evolves
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Evolution in the Human-Dominated World
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Humanity's Footprint
• The Origin of Species
• What Is a Species?
• Reproductive Barriers between Species
• Mechanisms of Speciation
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do Human Activities Facilitate Speciation?
• Earth History and Macroevolution
• The Fossil Record
• Plate Tectonics and Biogeography
• Mass Extinctions and Explosive Diversifications of Life
• Mechanisms of Macroevolution
• Large Effects from Small Genetic Changes
• The Evolution of Biological Novelty
• Classifying the Diversity of Life
• Classification and Phylogeny
• Classification: A Work in Progress
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution in the Anthropocene

15. The Evolution of Microbial Life
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Human Microbiota
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Our Invisible Inhabitants
• Major Episodes in the History of Life
• The Origin of Life
• A Four-Stage Hypothesis for the Origin of Life
• From Chemical Evolution to Darwinian Evolution
• Prokaryotes
• They're Everywhere!
• The Structure and Function of Prokaryotes
• The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes
• The Two Main Branches of Prokaryotic Evolution: Bacteria and Archaea
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Are Intestinal Microbiota to Blame for Obesity?
• Protists
• Protozoans
• Slime Molds
• Unicellular and Colonial Algae
• Seaweeds
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Sweet Life of Streptococcus mutans

16. The Evolution of Plants and Fungi
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Plant-Fungus Interactions
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Diamond of the Kitchen
• Colonizing Land
• Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants
• Plant Diversity
• Highlights of Plant Evolution
• Bryophytes
• Ferns
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
• Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource
• Fungi
• Characteristics of Fungi=
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Killed the Pines?
• The Ecological Impact of Fungi
• Commercial Uses of Fungi
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A Pioneering Partnership

17. The Evolution of Animals
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Human Evolution
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Evolving Adaptability
• The Origins of Animal Diversity
• What Is an Animal?
• Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion
• Animal Phylogeny
• Major Invertebrate Phyla
• Sponges
• Cnidarians
• Molluscs
• Flatworms
• Annelids
• Roundworms
• Arthropods
• Echinoderms
• Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity
• Characteristics of Chordates
• Fishes
• Amphibians
• Reptiles
• Mammals
• The Human Ancestry
• The Evolution of Primates
• The Emergence of Humankind
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Can Lice Tell Us About Ancient Humans
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Are We Still Evolving?

UNIT 4: ECOLOGY

18. An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Climate Change
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Penguins, Polar Bears, and People in Peril
• An Overview of Ecology
• Ecology and Environmentalism
• A Hierarchy of Interactions
• Living in Earth's Diverse Environments
• Abiotic Factors of the Biosphere
• The Evolutionary Adaptations of Organisms
• Adjusting to Environmental Variability
• Biomes
• Freshwater Biomes
• Marine Biomes
• How Climate Affects Terrestrial Biome Distribution
• Terrestrial Biomes
• The Water Cycle
• Human Impact on Biomes
• Climate Change
• The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
• The Accumulation of Greenhouse Gases
• Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystems
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Does Climate Change Affect Species Distribution?
• Looking to Our Future
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Climate Change as an Agent of Natural Selection

19. Population Ecology
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Biological Invasions
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Invasion of the Lionfish
• An Overview of Population Ecology
• Population Density
• Population Age Structure
• Life Tables and Survivorship Curves
• Life History Traits as Adaptations
• Population Growth Models
• The Exponential Population Growth Model: The Ideal of an Unlimited Environment
• The Logistic Population Growth Model: The Reality of a Limited
• Environment
• Regulation of Population Growth
• Applications of Population Ecology
• Conservation of Endangered Species
• Sustainable Resource Management
• Invasive Species
• Biological Control of Pests
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Fences Stop Cane Toads?
• Integrated Pest ManagementHuman Population Growth
• The History of Human Population Growth
• Age Structures
• Our Ecological Footprint
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Humans as an Invasive Species

20. Communities and Ecosystems
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Importance of Biodiversity
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Why Biodiversity Matters
• Biodiversity
• Genetic Diversity
• Species Diversity
• Ecosystem Diversity
• Causes of Declining Biodiversity
• Community Ecology
• Interspecific Interactions
• Trophic Structure
• Species Diversity in Communities
• Disturbances and Succession in Communities
• Ecological Succession
• Ecosystem Ecology
• Energy Flow in Ecosystems
• Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems
• Conservation and Restoration Biology
• Biodiversity "Hot Spots"
• Conservation at the Ecosystem Level
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Does Biodiversity Protect Human Health?
• Restoring Ecosystems
• The Goal of Sustainable Development
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Saving the Hot Spots

UNIT 5: ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

21. Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Controlling Body Temperature
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: An Avoidable Tragedy
• The Structural Organization of Animals
• Anatomy and Physiology
• Tissues
• Organs and Organ Systems
• Exchanges with the External Environment
• Regulating the Internal Environment
• Homeostasis
• Negative and Positive Feedback
• Thermoregulation
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Does a Python Warm Her Eggs?
• Osmoregulation
• Homeostasis in the Urinary System
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Adaptations for Thermoregulation

22. Nutrition and Digestion
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Controlling Your Weight
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The "Secret" to Shedding Pounds
• An Overview of Animal Nutrition
• Animal Diets
• The Four Stages of Food Processing
• Digestive Compartments
• A Tour of the Human Digestive System
• System Map
• The Mouth
• The Pharynx
• The Esophagus
• The Stomach
• The Small Intestine
• The Human Microbiome
• The Large Intestine
• Human Nutritional Requirements
• Food as Fuel
• Food as Building Material
• Decoding Food Labels
• Nutritional Disorders
• Malnutrition
• Eating Disorders
• Obesity
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can a Gene Make You Fat?
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Fat and Sugar Cravings

23. Circulation and Respiration
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Athletic Endurance
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Avoiding "The Wall"
• Unifying Concepts of Animal Circulation
• The Human Cardiovascular System
• The Path of Blood
• How the Heart Works
• Blood Vessels
• Blood
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Live High, Train Low?
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Unifying Concepts of Animal Respiration
• The Human Respiratory System
• The Path of Air
• The Brain's Control over Breathing
• The Role of Hemoglobin in Gas Transport
• The Toll of Smoking on the Lungs
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolving Endurance

24. The Body's Defenses
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Vaccines
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Herd Immunity
• An Overview of the Immune System
• Innate Immunity
• External Innate Defenses
• Internal Innate Defenses
• The Lymphatic System
• Circulatory Function
• Immune Function
• Adaptive Immunity
• Step 1: Recognizing the Invaders
• Step 2: Cloning the Responders
• Step 3: Responding to Invaders
• Step 4: Remembering Invaders
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Do We Know Vaccines Work?
• Immune Disorders
• Allergies
• Autoimmune Diseases
• Immuno-deficiency Diseases
• AIDS
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Viral Evolution versus the Flu Vaccine

25. Hormones
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Steroid Abuse
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Baseball's Ongoing Steroid Problem
• Hormones: An Overview
• The Human Endocrine System
• The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• The Thyroid and Metabolism
• The Pancreas and Blood Glucose
• The Adrenal Glands and Stress
• The Gonads and Sex Hormones
• Mimicking Sex Hormones
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do 'Roids Cause Rage?
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Steroids and Male Aggression

26. Reproduction and Development
• CHAPTER THREAD
• High-Tech Babies
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: New Ways of Making Babies
• Unifying Concepts of Animal Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction
• Human Reproduction
• Male Reproductive Anatomy
• Female Reproductive Anatomy
• Gametogenesis
• The Female Reproductive Cycle
• Reproductive Health
• Contraception
• Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Human Development
• Fertilization by Sperm
• Basic Concepts of Embryonic Development
• Pregnancy and Early Development
• The Stages of Pregnancy
• Childbirth
• Reproductive Technologies
• Infertility
• In Vitro Fertilization
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Are Babies Conceived through In Vitro Fertilization as
• Healthy as Babies Conceived Naturally?
• The Ethics of IVF
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The "Grandmother Hypothesis"

27. Nervous, Sensory, and Locomotor Systems
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Neurotoxins
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Medicinal Poisons
• An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems
• Neurons
• Organization of Nervous Systems
• Sending a Signal through a Neuron
• Passing a Signal from a Neuron to a Receiving Cell
• The Human Nervous System: A Closer Look
• The Central Nervous System
• The Peripheral Nervous System
• The Human Brain
• The Senses
• Sensory Input
• Vision
• Hearing
• Locomotor Systems
• The Skeletal System
• The Muscular System
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Botulism Toxin Prevent Headaches?
• Stimulus and Response: Putting It All Together
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A Neurotoxin Arms Race

UNIT 6: PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

28. The Life of a Flowering Plant
• CHAPTER THREAD
• Agriculture
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Buzz on Coffee Plants
• The Structure and Function of a Flowering Plant
• Monocots and Eudicots
• Roots, Stems, and Leaves
• Plant Tissues and Tissue Systems
• Plant Cells
• Plant Growth
• Primary Growth: Lengthening
• Secondary Growth: Thickening
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke?
• The Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant
• The Flower
• Overview of the Flowering Plant Life Cycle
• Pollination and Fertilization
• Seed Formation
• Fruit Formation
• Seed Germination
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Problem of the Disappearing Bees

29. The Working Plant
• CHAPTER THREAD
• The Interdependence of Organisms
• BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Planting Hope in the Wake of Disaster
• How Plants Acquire and Transport Nutrients
• Plant Nutrition
• From the Soil into the Roots
• The Role of Bacteria in Nitrogen Nutrition
• The Transport of Water
• The Transport of Sugars
• THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can the Pressure Flow Mechanism Be Directly Measured?
• Economic Uses of Plant Transport Products
• Plant Hormones
• Auxins
• Cytokinins
• Ethylene
• Gibberellins
• Abscisic Acid
• Response to Stimuli
• Tropisms
• Photoperiodism
• EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Plants, Bugs, and People

APPENDICES

• A. Metric Conversion Table
• B. The Periodic Table
• C. Credits
• D. Selected Answers