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Beyond the Algorithm: AI, Security, Privacy, and Ethics, 1st edition
Published by Addison-Wesley Professional (January 30, 2024) © 2024
- Omar Santos Best-selling Cisco Press author, expert trainer, and Principal Engineer at Cisco (PSIRT)
- Petar Radanliev
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Preface.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
1 Historical Overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML).. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Story of Eva. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The Origins.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Advancements of Artificial Intelligence.. . . . . . . . . 5
Understanding AI and ML. . . . . . . . . . . 8
Concluding the Story of Eva.. . . . . . . . . . . 25
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Exercise 1-1: Exploring the Historical Development and Ethical Concerns of AI.. . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Exercise 1-2: Understanding AI and ML. . . . . . . . . 29
Exercise 1-3: Comparison of ML Algorithms.. . . . . . . . 30
Exercise 1-4: Assessing Applications of ML Algorithms. . . . . . 31
2 Fundamentals of AI and ML Technologies and Implementations.. . 33
What Are the Leading AI and ML Technologies and Algorithms?. . . . 34
ChatGPT and the Leading AI and ML Technologies: Exploring
Capabilities and Applications.. . . . . . . . . . 43
Understanding the Two Categories of AI: Capability-Based Types and Functionality-Based Types. . . . . . . . 52
Leveraging AI and ML to Tackle Real-World Challenges: A Case Study. . . 53
Reflecting on the Societal and Ethical Implications of AI Technologies.. . 54
Assessing Future Trends and Emerging Developments in AI and ML Technologies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Exercise 2-1: Algorithm Selection Exercise: Matching Scenarios with Appropriate Machine Learning Techniques.. . . . . . . . 61
Exercise 2-2: Exploring AI and ML Technologies.. . . . . . . 63
Exercise 2-3: Capabilities and Benefits of AI-Optimized Hardware.. . . 63
Exercise 2-4: Understanding the Two Categories of AI.. . . . . . 64
Exercise 2-5: Future Trends and Emerging Developments in AI and ML Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3 Generative AI and Large Language Models.. . . . . . . 65
Introduction to Generative AI and LLMs. . . . . . . . 66
Large Language Models (LLMs): Revolutionizing Natural Language Processing (NLP). . . . . . . . . . . 88
Hugging Face.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Auto-GPT: A Revolutionary Step in Autonomous AI Applications. . . . 97
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Exercise 3-1: Hugging Face.. . . . . . . . . . . 102
Exercise 3-2: Transformers in AI. . . . . . . . . . 102
Additional Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4 The Cornerstones of AI and ML Security.. . . . . . . . 105
Recognizing the Need for AI Security.. . . . . . . . . 105
Adversarial Attacks.. . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Data Poisoning Attacks. . . . . . . . . . . 109
OWASP Top Ten for LLMs. . . . . . . . . . . 112
Countermeasures Against Model Stealing Attacks. . . . . . 124
Membership Inference Attacks.. . . . . . . . . . 124
Evasion Attacks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Model Inversion Attacks.. . . . . . . . . . . 135
Backdoor Attacks. . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Exploring Defensive Measures.. . . . . . . . . . 137
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Additional Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5 Hacking AI Systems.. . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Hacking FakeMedAI. . . . . . . . . . . . 143
MITRE ATLAS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
A Deep Dive into the AI and ML Attack Tactics and Techniques.. . . . 147
Exploiting Prompt Injection.. . . . . . . . . . 161
Red-Teaming AI Models. . . . . . . . . . . 162
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Exercise 5-1: Understanding the MITRE ATT&CK Framework.. . . . 166
Exercise 5-2: Exploring the MITRE ATLAS Framework.. . . . . . 166
6 System and Infrastructure Security. . . . . . . . . 167
The Vulnerabilities and Risks Associated with AI Systems and Their Potential Impact. . . . . . . . . . . . 167
AI BOMs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Data Security Vulnerabilities.. . . . . . . . . . 177
Cloud Security Vulnerabilities.. . . . . . . . . . 179
Secure Design Principles for AI Systems.. . . . . . . . 182
AI Model Security.. . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Infrastructure Security for AI Systems. . . . . . . . . 184
Threat Detection and Incident Response for AI Systems.. . . . . 190
Additional Security Technologies and Considerations for AI Systems. . . 193
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Additional Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7 Privacy and Ethics: Navigating Privacy and Ethics in an AI-Infused World.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Why Do We Need to Balance the Benefits of AI with the Ethical Risks and Privacy Concerns?.. . . . . . . . . . 200
What Are the Challenges Posed by AI in Terms of Privacy Protection, and What Is the Importance of Privacy and Ethics in AI Development and Deployment?. . . . . . . . . 201
The Dark Side of AI and ChatGPT: Privacy Concerns and Ethical Implications. . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Data Collection and Data Storage in AI Algorithms: Potential Risks and Ethical Privacy Concerns. . . . . . . . 206
The Moral Tapestry of AI and ChatGPT.. . . . . . . . 212
Preserving Privacy, Unleashing Knowledge: Differential Privacy and Federated Learning in the Age of Data Security.. . . . . . 223
Harmony in the Machine: Nurturing Fairness, Diversity, and Human Control in AI Systems.. . . . . . . . . . 224
Real-World Case Study Examples and Fictional Stories of Privacy Breaches in AI and ChatGPT.. . . . . . . . . 226
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Exercise 7-1: Privacy Concerns and Ethical Implications of AI. . . . 237
Exercise 7-2: Ethical Privacy Concerns in Data Collection and Storage by AI Algorithms.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Exercise 7-3: Balancing Autonomy and Privacy in the Age of AI. . . . 238
Exercise 7-4: Safeguarding Privacy and Ethical Frontiers.. . . . . 239
8 Legal and Regulatory Compliance for AI Systems.. . . . . 241
Legal and Regulatory Landscape.. . . . . . . . . 242
Compliance with AI Legal and Regulatory Data Protection Laws. . . 245
Intellectual Property Issues in Conversational AI.. . . . . . 247
Unraveling Liability and Accountability in the Age of AI. . . . . 249
Ethical Development and Deployment of AI Systems: Strategies for Effective Governance and Risk Management.. . . . . . 252
International Collaboration and Standards in AI. . . . . . . 255
Future Trends and Outlook in AI Compliance.. . . . . . . 257
Unleashing the Quantum Storm: Fictional Story on AI Cybersecurity, Quantum Computing, and Novel Cyberattacks in Oxford, 2050. . . . 260
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Exercise 8-1: Compliance with Legal and Regulatory Data Protection Laws.. . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Exercise 8-2: Understanding Liability and Accountability in AI Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Exercise 8-3: International Collaboration and Standards in AI.. . . . 267
Test Your Skills Answers and Solutions. . . . . . . . . 269
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9780138268459, TOC, 1/4/2024
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