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Networking Essentials Companion Guide, 1st edition
Published by Cisco Press (March 10, 2022) © 2022
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Networking Essentials Companion Guide is the official supplemental textbook for the Networking Essentials course in the Cisco Networking Academy.
Networking is at the heart of the digital transformation. The network is essential to many business functions today, including business-critical data and operations, cybersecurity, and so much more. A wide variety of career paths rely on the network, so it's important to understand what the network can do, how it operates, and how to protect it.
This is a great course for developers, data scientists, cybersecurity specialists, and other professionals looking to broaden their networking domain knowledge. It's also an excellent launching point for students pursuing a wide range of career pathways—from cybersecurity to software development to business and more.
The Companion Guide is designed as a portable desk reference to use anytime, anywhere to reinforce the material from the course and organize your time.
The book's features help you focus on important concepts to succeed in this course:
* Key terms: Refer to the lists of networking vocabulary introduced and highlighted in context in each chapter.* Glossary: Consult the comprehensive Glossary with more than 250 terms.
* Summary of Activities and Labs: Maximize your study time with this complete list of all associated practice exercises at the end of each chapter.* Check Your Understanding: Evaluate your readiness with the end-of-chapter questions that match the style of questions you see in the online course quizzes. The answer key explains each answer.
Introduction xxvii
Chapter 1 Communications in a Connected World 1
Objectives 1
Key Terms 1
Introduction (1.0) 2
Network Types (1.1) 3
   Everything Is Online (1.1.1) 3
   Who Owns "The Internet"? (1.1.2) 3
   Local Networks (1.1.3) 3
   Mobile Devices (1.1.5) 7
   Connected Home Devices (1.1.6) 10
   Other Connected Devices (1.1.7) 12
Data Transmission (1.2) 15
   Types of Personal Data (1.2.2) 15
   Common Methods of Data Transmission (1.2.4) 16
Bandwidth and Throughput (1.3) 17
   Bandwidth (1.3.1) 17
   Throughput (1.3.3) 18
Clients and Servers (1.4) 19
   Client and Server Roles (1.4.1) 19
   Peer-to-Peer Networks (1.4.2) 20
   Peer-to-Peer Applications (1.4.3) 21
   Multiple Roles in the Network (1.4.4) 22
Network Components (1.5) 23
   Network Infrastructure (1.5.2) 23
   End Devices (1.5.3) 25
Summary (1.6) 26
Practice 27
Check Your Understanding 27
Chapter 2 Online Communications 31
Objectives 31
Key Terms 31
Introduction (2.0) 32
Wireless Networks (2.1) 32
   Mobile Telephones (2.1.2) 32
   Cell Phone Network (2.1.3) 32
   Other Wireless Networks (2.1.5) 33
Local Network Connections (2.2) 34
   LAN Components (2.2.2) 34
   End Device Addressing (2.2.4) 39
   Manual and Automatic Address Assignment (2.2.6) 40
Network Documentation (2.3) 41
   Device Names and Address Planning (2.3.1) 41
   Network Topologies and Representations (2.3.2) 42
   Logical Network Information (2.3.4) 43
Summary (2.4) 45
Practice 46
Check Your Understanding Questions 46
Chapter 3 Explore Networks with Packet Tracer 49
Objectives 49
Key Terms 49
Introduction (3.0) 50
Packet Tracer Network Simulator (3.1) 50
Packet Tracer Installation (3.2) 50
The Packet Tracer User Interface (3.3) 51
   Locate and Deploy Devices (3.3.2) 52
Packet Tracer Network Configuration (3.4) 53
   GUI and CLI Configuration in Packet Tracer (3.4.2) 54
Summary (3.5) 59
Practice 61
Check Your Understanding Questions 61
Chapter 4 Build a Simple Network 67
Objectives 67
Key Terms 67
Introduction (4.0.1) 68
Network Media Types (4.1) 68
   Three Media Types (4.1.2) 68
   Common Network Cables (4.1.3) 69
Ethernet Cabling (4.2) 71
   Twisted-Pair Cables (4.2.1) 71
   Types of Twisted-Pair Cables (4.2.2) 72
Coaxial and Fiber-Optic Cabling (4.3) 75
   Cable TV and Satellite Cables (4.3.1) 75
   Fiber-Optic Cables (4.3.2) 76
Twisted-Pair Operation (4.4) 78
   Twisted-Pair Wiring Schemes (4.4.1) 78
   Twisted-Pair Transmit and Receive Pairs (4.4.2) 79
Verify Connectivity (4.5) 79
   Using the ping Command (4.5.2) 80
   The traceroute Command (4.5.3) 81
Summary (4.6) 83
Practice 85
Check Your Understanding Questions 85
Chapter 5 Communication Principles 89
Objectives 89
Key Terms 89
Introduction (5.0.1) 90
The Rules (5.1) 90
   The Three Elements (5.1.1) 90
   Communication Protocols (5.1.2) 91
   Why Protocols Matter (5.1.3) 93
Communication Standards (5.2) 95
   The Internet and Standards (5.2.2) 95
   Network Standards Organizations (5.2.3) 95
Network Communication Models (5.3) 96
   The Protocol Stack (5.3.3) 97
   The TCP/IP Model (5.3.4) 98
   The OSI Reference Model (5.3.5) 99
   Upper and Lower Layers of the OSI Model (5.3.6) 100
   OSI Model and TCP/IP Model Comparison (5.3.7) 101
Ethernet (5.4) 103
   The Rise of Ethernet (5.4.1) 103
   Ethernet Evolution (5.4.2) 104
   The Ethernet MAC Address (5.4.4) 105
Summary (5.5) 107
Practice 108
Check Your Understanding Questions 108
Chapter 6 Network Design and the Access Layer 111
Objectives 111
Key Terms 111
Introduction (6.0.1) 112
Encapsulation and the Ethernet Frame (6.1) 112
   Encapsulation (6.1.2) 112
   Ethernet Frame (6.1.3) 114
Hierarchical Network Design (6.2) 115
   Physical and Logical Addresses (6.2.2) 115
   Hierarchical Analogy (6.2.5) 117
   Benefits of a Hierarchical Design (6.2.7) 117
   Access, Distribution, and Core (6.2.8) 119
The Access Layer (6.3) 120
   Access Layer Devices (6.3.1) 121
   Ethernet Hubs (6.3.2) 121
   Ethernet Switches (6.3.4) 123
   The MAC Address Table (6.3.6) 124
Broadcast Containment (6.4) 126
   Ethernet Broadcasts in the Local Network (6.4.2) 126
   Broadcast Domains (6.4.3) 127
   Access Layer Communication (6.4.4) 128
   ARP (6.4.6) 129
Summary (6.5) 131
Practice 133
Check Your Understanding Questions 133
Chapter 7 Routing Between Networks 137
Objectives 137
Key Terms 137
Introduction (7.0.1) 138
The Need for Routing (7.1) 138
   Criteria for Dividing the Local Network (7.1.2) 138
   When Routing Is Needed (7.1.3) 141
The Routing Table (7.2) 142
   Path Selection (7.2.2) 142
   Packet Forwarding (7.2.5) 143
   Routing Table Entries (7.2.7) 145
   The Default Gateway (7.2.8) 146
Create a LAN (7.3) 147
   Local-Area Networks (7.3.1) 147
   Local and Remote Network Segments (7.3.2) 148
Summary (7.4) 152
Practice 153
Check Your Understanding Questions 153
Chapter 8 The Internet Protocol 157
Objectives 157
Key Terms 157
Introduction (8.0.1) 158
Purpose of the IPv4 Address (8.1) 158
   The IPv4 Address (8.1.1) 158
Binary Conversion of an IPv4 Address (8.2) 159
   IPv4 Addressing (8.2.1) 159
   Binary to Decimal (8.2.3) 160
The IPv4 Address Structure (8.3) 162
   Networks and Hosts (8.3.2) 162
   Logical AND (8.3.5) 163
   Calculate Whether the Destination Is Local or Remote (8.3.6) 164
   Calculate the Number of Hosts (8.3.7) 165
Classful IPv4 Addressing (8.4) 166
   Classful and Classless Addressing (8.4.1) 166
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses (8.5) 168
   Private IPv4 Addressing (8.5.1) 168
   Assignment of IPv4 Addresses (8.5.2) 169
Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast Addresses (8.6) 171
   Unicast Transmission (8.6.2) 171
   Broadcast Transmission (8.6.4) 172
   Multicast Transmission (8.6.6) 173
Summary (8.7) 175
Practice 177
Check Your Understanding Questions 177
Chapter 9 Dynamic Addressing with DHCP 181
Objectives 181
Key Terms 181
Introduction (9.0.1) 182
Static and Dynamic Addressing (9.1) 182
   Static IPv4 Address Assignment (9.1.1) 182
   Dynamic IPv4 Address Assignment (9.1.2) 183
   DHCP Servers (9.1.3) 184
DHCPv4 Configuration (9.2) 185
   DHCPv4 Operation (9.2.2) 185
   DHCP Service Configuration (9.2.4) 186
Summary (9.3) 188
Practice 189
Check Your Understanding Questions 189
Chapter 10 IPv4 and IPv6 Address Management 193
Objectives 193
Key Terms 193
Introduction (10.0.1) 194
Network Boundaries (10.1) 194
   Routers as Gateways (10.1.2) 194
   Routers as Boundaries Between Networks (10.1.3) 195
Network Address Translation (10.2) 196
   NAT Operation (10.2.2) 196
IPv4 Issues (10.3) 198
   Need for IPv6 (10.3.1) 198
   IPv6 Address Size (10.3.2) 200
   IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence (10.3.4) 201
IPv6 Features (10.4) 203
   IPv6 Autoconfiguration and Link-Local Addresses (10.4.3) 203
   IPv6 Address Representation (10.4.5) 204
Summary (10.5) 206
Practice 207
Check Your Understanding Questions 208
Chapter 11 Transport Layer Services 211
Objectives 211
Key Terms 211
Introduction (11.0.1) 212
The Client/Server Relationship (11.1) 212
   Client and Server Interaction (11.1.1) 212
   Client Requests a Web Page (11.1.3) 213
   URI, URN, and URL (11.1.4) 214
TCP and UDP (11.2) 215
   Protocol Operations (11.2.1) 215
   TCP and UDP (11.2.3) 216
   TCP Reliability (11.2.4) 216
   UDP Best Effort Delivery (11.2.5) 217
Port Numbers (11.3) 218
   TCP and UDP Port Numbers (11.3.2) 218
   Destination and Source Port Numbers (11.3.3) 220
   Socket Pairs (11.3.4) 221
   The netstat Command (11.3.5) 223
Summary (11.4) 224
Practice 225
Check Your Understanding Questions 225
Chapter 12 Application Layer Services 229
Objectives 229
Key Terms 229
Introduction (12.0.1) 230
Network Application Services (12.1) 230
   Common Network Application Services (12.1.1) 230
Domain Name System (12.2) 231
   Domain Name Translation (12.2.1) 231
   DNS Servers (12.2.3) 232
Web Clients and Servers (12.3) 233
   HTTP and HTML (12.3.2) 233
FTP Clients and Servers (12.4) 234
   File Transfer Protocol (12.4.1) 235
   FTP Client Software (12.4.3) 236
Virtual Terminals (12.5) 237
   Telnet (12.5.2) 237
   Security Issues with Telnet (12.5.3) 238
Email and Messaging (12.6) 239
   Email Clients and Servers (12.6.1) 239
   Email Protocols (12.6.2) 240
   Text Messaging (12.6.3) 242
   Internet Phone Calls (12.6.4) 243
Summary (12.7) 244
Practice 246
Check Your Understanding Questions 246
Chapter 13 Build a Home Network 249
Objectives 249
Key Terms 249
Introduction (13.0.1) 250
Home Network Basics (13.1) 250
   Connecting Home Devices (13.1.1) 250
   Components of a Home Network (13.1.2) 251
   Typical Home Network Routers (13.1.3) 252
Network Technologies in the Home (13.2) 253
   The Electromagnetic Spectrum (13.2.1) 253
   LAN Wireless Frequencies (13.2.2) 254
   Wired Network Technologies (13.2.3) 255
Wireless Standards (13.3) 257
   Wi-Fi Networks (13.3.1) 257
   Wireless Settings (13.3.2) 257
Wireless Traffic Controls (13.4) 259
   Wireless Channels (13.4.1) 259
   Wireless as a Shared Media (13.4.2) 260
Set Up a Home Router (13.5) 261
   First Time Setup (13.5.1) 261
   Design Considerations (13.5.2) 261
   MAC Address Filtering (13.5.3) 263
Summary (13.6) 265
Practice 267
Check Your Understanding Questions 267
Chapter 14 Connect to the Internet 271
Objectives 271
Key Terms 271
Introduction (14.0.1) 272
ISP Connectivity Options (14.1) 272
   ISP Services (14.1.1) 272
   ISP Connections (14.1.2) 273
   Cable and DSL Connections (14.1.3) 274
   Additional Connectivity Options (14.1.4) 275
Network Virtualization (14.2) 276
   Cloud Computing (14.2.2) 276
   Types of Clouds (14.2.3) 276
   Cloud Services (14.2.4) 277
   Cloud Computing and Virtualization (14.2.5) 277
   Advantages of Virtualization (14.2.6) 279
   Hypervisors (14.2.7) 279
   Network Virtualization (14.2.9) 281
   Control Plane and Data Plane (14.2.10) 282
   Network Virtualization and SDN (14.2.11) 283
   SDN Architecture (14.2.12) 283
Mobile Device Connectivity (14.3) 284
   Mobile Devices and Wi-Fi (14.3.1) 284
   Wi-Fi Settings (14.3.2) 285
   Configure Mobile Wi-Fi Connectivity (14.3.3) 286
   Configure Cellular Data Settings (14.3.4) 288
   Simple Connectivity with Bluetooth (14.3.6) 290
   Bluetooth Pairing (14.3.7) 290
Summary (14.4) 293
Practice 295
Check Your Understanding Questions 295
Chapter 15 Security Considerations 299
Objectives 299
Key Terms 299
Introduction (15.0.1) 300
Security Threats (15.1) 300
   Types of Threats (15.1.1) 300
   Internal and External Threats (15.1.2) 301
Social Engineering Attacks (15.2) 302
   Overview of Social Engineering (15.2.1) 302
   Types of Social Engineering Attacks (15.2.2) 303
Malware (15.3) 304
   Malicious Software (15.3.1) 305
   Types of Malware (15.3.2) 305
   Spyware (15.3.3) 306
   Adware and Popups (15.3.4) 306
   Botnets and Zombies (15.3.5) 307
Denial-of-Service Attacks (15.4) 308
   Denial of Service (15.4.1) 308
   Distributed Denial of Service (15.4.2) 309
   Brute Force (15.4.3) 310
Security Tools (15.5) 310
   Security Practices and Procedures (15.5.1) 310
   Security Tools and Applications (15.5.2) 312
   Patches and Updates (15.5.3) 313
Antimalware Software (15.6) 314
   Signs of Infections (15.6.1) 314
   Antivirus Software (15.6.2) 315
   Antispam Software (15.6.3) 316
   Antispyware Software (15.6.4) 316
   Additional Safeguards (15.6.5) 317
Summary (15.7) 318
Practice 321
Check Your Understanding Questions 321
Chapter 16 Configure Network and Device Security 325
Objectives 325
Key Terms 325
Introduction (16.0.1) 326
Wireless Security Measures (16.1) 326
   Wireless Vulnerabilities (16.1.1) 326
   A Comprehensive Security Plan (16.1.2) 327
   SSID Broadcasts (16.1.4) 333
   Changing Default Settings (16.1.5) 334
   MAC Address Filtering (16.1.6) 335
Implement Wireless Security (16.2) 336
   Open Authentication (16.2.1) 336
   Authentication and Association (16.2.2) 336
   Authentication Protocols (16.2.3) 337
Configure a Firewall (16.3) 338
   Firewall Overview (16.3.1) 338
   Firewall Operation (16.3.2) 338
   The DMZ (16.3.3) 339
   Port Forwarding (16.3.4) 340
   Port Triggering (16.3.5) 341
Summary (16.4) 344
Practice 345
Check Your Understanding Questions 346
Chapter 17 Cisco Switches and Routers 349
Objectives 349
Key Terms 349
Introduction (17.0.1) 350
Cisco Switches (17.1) 350
   Connect More Devices (17.1.1) 350
   Cisco LAN Switches (17.1.2) 351
   LAN Switch Components (17.1.5) 354
Switch Boot Process (17.2) 355
   Power Up the Switch (17.2.1) 355
   In-Band and Out-of-Band Management (17.2.3) 358
   IOS Startup Files (17.2.4) 358
Cisco Routers (17.3) 359
   Router Components (17.3.2) 360
   Router Interface Ports (17.3.3) 360
Router Boot Process (17.4) 361
   Power Up the Router (17.4.1) 361
   Management Ports (17.4.2) 365
Summary (17.5) 367
Practice 368
Check Your Understanding Questions 368
Chapter 18 The Cisco IOS Command Line 373
Objectives 373
Key Terms 373
Introduction (18.0.1) 374
Navigate the IOS (18.1) 374
   The Cisco IOS Command-Line Interface (18.1.1) 374
   Primary Command Modes (18.1.2) 375
   A Note About Syntax Checker Activities (18.1.5) 376
The Command Structure (18.2) 376
   Basic IOS Command Structure (18.2.1) 376
   IOS Command Syntax (18.2.2) 377
   Hotkeys and Shortcuts (18.2.4) 378
View Device Information (18.3) 380
   Show Commands (18.3.2) 381
Summary (18.4) 387
Practice 388
Check Your Understanding Questions 388
Chapter 19 Build a Small Cisco Network 391
Objectives 391
Key Terms 391
Introduction (19.0.1) 392
Basic Switch Configuration (19.1) 392
   Basic Switch Configuration Steps (19.1.1) 392
   Switch Virtual Interface Configuration (19.1.2) 394
Configure Initial Router Settings (19.2) 395
   Basic Router Configuration Steps (19.2.1) 395
   Basic Router Configuration Example (19.2.2) 396
Secure the Devices (19.3) 398
   Password Recommendations (19.3.1) 398
   Secure Remote Access (19.3.2) 399
   Configure SSH (19.3.3) 400
   Verify SSH (19.3.5) 402
Connecting the Switch to the Router (19.4) 404
   Default Gateway for a Host (19.4.1) 404
   Default Gateway on a Switch (19.4.2) 406
Summary (19.5) 409
Practice 411
Check Your Understanding Questions 412
Chapter 20 Troubleshoot Common Network Problems 415
Objectives 415
Key Terms 415
Introduction (20.0.1) 416
The Troubleshooting Process (20.1) 416
   Network Troubleshooting Overview (20.1.1) 416
   Gather Information (20.1.2) 416
   Structured Troubleshooting Methods (20.1.3) 418
   Guidelines for Selecting a Troubleshooting Method (20.1.4) 422
Physical Layer Problems (20.2) 423
   Common Layer 1 Problems (20.2.1) 423
   Wireless Router LEDs (20.2.2) 424
   Cabling Problems (20.2.3) 426
Troubleshooting Commands (20.3) 426
   Overview of Troubleshooting Commands (20.3.1) 426
   The ipconfig Command (20.3.2) 427
   The ping Command (20.3.4) 430
   Ping Results (20.3.5) 431
   Divide and Conquer with ping (20.3.7) 432
   The tracert Command (20.3.8) 433
   The netstat Command (20.3.9) 434
   The nslookup Command (20.3.10) 436
Troubleshoot Wireless Issues (20.4) 438
   Causes of Wireless Issues (20.4.1) 438
   Authentication and Association Errors (20.4.2) 439
Common Internet Connectivity Issues (20.5) 441
   DHCP Server Configuration Errors (20.5.1) 441
   Check Internet Configuration (20.5.2) 442
   Check Firewall Settings (20.5.3) 444
Customer Support (20.6) 444
   Sources of Help (20.6.1) 445
   When to Call for Help (20.6.2) 445
   Support Desk Interaction (20.6.3) 446
   Issue Resolution (20.6.4) 447
   Support Desk Tickets and Work Orders (20.6.5) 448
Summary (20.7) 450
Practice 453
Check Your Understanding Questions 454
Appendix A Answers to the "Check Your Understanding" Questions 459
Glossary 471
9780137660483Â Â Â TOCÂ Â Â 1/25/2022
Chapter 1 Communications in a Connected World 1
Objectives 1
Key Terms 1
Introduction (1.0) 2
Network Types (1.1) 3
   Everything Is Online (1.1.1) 3
   Who Owns "The Internet"? (1.1.2) 3
   Local Networks (1.1.3) 3
   Mobile Devices (1.1.5) 7
   Connected Home Devices (1.1.6) 10
   Other Connected Devices (1.1.7) 12
Data Transmission (1.2) 15
   Types of Personal Data (1.2.2) 15
   Common Methods of Data Transmission (1.2.4) 16
Bandwidth and Throughput (1.3) 17
   Bandwidth (1.3.1) 17
   Throughput (1.3.3) 18
Clients and Servers (1.4) 19
   Client and Server Roles (1.4.1) 19
   Peer-to-Peer Networks (1.4.2) 20
   Peer-to-Peer Applications (1.4.3) 21
   Multiple Roles in the Network (1.4.4) 22
Network Components (1.5) 23
   Network Infrastructure (1.5.2) 23
   End Devices (1.5.3) 25
Summary (1.6) 26
Practice 27
Check Your Understanding 27
Chapter 2 Online Communications 31
Objectives 31
Key Terms 31
Introduction (2.0) 32
Wireless Networks (2.1) 32
   Mobile Telephones (2.1.2) 32
   Cell Phone Network (2.1.3) 32
   Other Wireless Networks (2.1.5) 33
Local Network Connections (2.2) 34
   LAN Components (2.2.2) 34
   End Device Addressing (2.2.4) 39
   Manual and Automatic Address Assignment (2.2.6) 40
Network Documentation (2.3) 41
   Device Names and Address Planning (2.3.1) 41
   Network Topologies and Representations (2.3.2) 42
   Logical Network Information (2.3.4) 43
Summary (2.4) 45
Practice 46
Check Your Understanding Questions 46
Chapter 3 Explore Networks with Packet Tracer 49
Objectives 49
Key Terms 49
Introduction (3.0) 50
Packet Tracer Network Simulator (3.1) 50
Packet Tracer Installation (3.2) 50
The Packet Tracer User Interface (3.3) 51
   Locate and Deploy Devices (3.3.2) 52
Packet Tracer Network Configuration (3.4) 53
   GUI and CLI Configuration in Packet Tracer (3.4.2) 54
Summary (3.5) 59
Practice 61
Check Your Understanding Questions 61
Chapter 4 Build a Simple Network 67
Objectives 67
Key Terms 67
Introduction (4.0.1) 68
Network Media Types (4.1) 68
   Three Media Types (4.1.2) 68
   Common Network Cables (4.1.3) 69
Ethernet Cabling (4.2) 71
   Twisted-Pair Cables (4.2.1) 71
   Types of Twisted-Pair Cables (4.2.2) 72
Coaxial and Fiber-Optic Cabling (4.3) 75
   Cable TV and Satellite Cables (4.3.1) 75
   Fiber-Optic Cables (4.3.2) 76
Twisted-Pair Operation (4.4) 78
   Twisted-Pair Wiring Schemes (4.4.1) 78
   Twisted-Pair Transmit and Receive Pairs (4.4.2) 79
Verify Connectivity (4.5) 79
   Using the ping Command (4.5.2) 80
   The traceroute Command (4.5.3) 81
Summary (4.6) 83
Practice 85
Check Your Understanding Questions 85
Chapter 5 Communication Principles 89
Objectives 89
Key Terms 89
Introduction (5.0.1) 90
The Rules (5.1) 90
   The Three Elements (5.1.1) 90
   Communication Protocols (5.1.2) 91
   Why Protocols Matter (5.1.3) 93
Communication Standards (5.2) 95
   The Internet and Standards (5.2.2) 95
   Network Standards Organizations (5.2.3) 95
Network Communication Models (5.3) 96
   The Protocol Stack (5.3.3) 97
   The TCP/IP Model (5.3.4) 98
   The OSI Reference Model (5.3.5) 99
   Upper and Lower Layers of the OSI Model (5.3.6) 100
   OSI Model and TCP/IP Model Comparison (5.3.7) 101
Ethernet (5.4) 103
   The Rise of Ethernet (5.4.1) 103
   Ethernet Evolution (5.4.2) 104
   The Ethernet MAC Address (5.4.4) 105
Summary (5.5) 107
Practice 108
Check Your Understanding Questions 108
Chapter 6 Network Design and the Access Layer 111
Objectives 111
Key Terms 111
Introduction (6.0.1) 112
Encapsulation and the Ethernet Frame (6.1) 112
   Encapsulation (6.1.2) 112
   Ethernet Frame (6.1.3) 114
Hierarchical Network Design (6.2) 115
   Physical and Logical Addresses (6.2.2) 115
   Hierarchical Analogy (6.2.5) 117
   Benefits of a Hierarchical Design (6.2.7) 117
   Access, Distribution, and Core (6.2.8) 119
The Access Layer (6.3) 120
   Access Layer Devices (6.3.1) 121
   Ethernet Hubs (6.3.2) 121
   Ethernet Switches (6.3.4) 123
   The MAC Address Table (6.3.6) 124
Broadcast Containment (6.4) 126
   Ethernet Broadcasts in the Local Network (6.4.2) 126
   Broadcast Domains (6.4.3) 127
   Access Layer Communication (6.4.4) 128
   ARP (6.4.6) 129
Summary (6.5) 131
Practice 133
Check Your Understanding Questions 133
Chapter 7 Routing Between Networks 137
Objectives 137
Key Terms 137
Introduction (7.0.1) 138
The Need for Routing (7.1) 138
   Criteria for Dividing the Local Network (7.1.2) 138
   When Routing Is Needed (7.1.3) 141
The Routing Table (7.2) 142
   Path Selection (7.2.2) 142
   Packet Forwarding (7.2.5) 143
   Routing Table Entries (7.2.7) 145
   The Default Gateway (7.2.8) 146
Create a LAN (7.3) 147
   Local-Area Networks (7.3.1) 147
   Local and Remote Network Segments (7.3.2) 148
Summary (7.4) 152
Practice 153
Check Your Understanding Questions 153
Chapter 8 The Internet Protocol 157
Objectives 157
Key Terms 157
Introduction (8.0.1) 158
Purpose of the IPv4 Address (8.1) 158
   The IPv4 Address (8.1.1) 158
Binary Conversion of an IPv4 Address (8.2) 159
   IPv4 Addressing (8.2.1) 159
   Binary to Decimal (8.2.3) 160
The IPv4 Address Structure (8.3) 162
   Networks and Hosts (8.3.2) 162
   Logical AND (8.3.5) 163
   Calculate Whether the Destination Is Local or Remote (8.3.6) 164
   Calculate the Number of Hosts (8.3.7) 165
Classful IPv4 Addressing (8.4) 166
   Classful and Classless Addressing (8.4.1) 166
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses (8.5) 168
   Private IPv4 Addressing (8.5.1) 168
   Assignment of IPv4 Addresses (8.5.2) 169
Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast Addresses (8.6) 171
   Unicast Transmission (8.6.2) 171
   Broadcast Transmission (8.6.4) 172
   Multicast Transmission (8.6.6) 173
Summary (8.7) 175
Practice 177
Check Your Understanding Questions 177
Chapter 9 Dynamic Addressing with DHCP 181
Objectives 181
Key Terms 181
Introduction (9.0.1) 182
Static and Dynamic Addressing (9.1) 182
   Static IPv4 Address Assignment (9.1.1) 182
   Dynamic IPv4 Address Assignment (9.1.2) 183
   DHCP Servers (9.1.3) 184
DHCPv4 Configuration (9.2) 185
   DHCPv4 Operation (9.2.2) 185
   DHCP Service Configuration (9.2.4) 186
Summary (9.3) 188
Practice 189
Check Your Understanding Questions 189
Chapter 10 IPv4 and IPv6 Address Management 193
Objectives 193
Key Terms 193
Introduction (10.0.1) 194
Network Boundaries (10.1) 194
   Routers as Gateways (10.1.2) 194
   Routers as Boundaries Between Networks (10.1.3) 195
Network Address Translation (10.2) 196
   NAT Operation (10.2.2) 196
IPv4 Issues (10.3) 198
   Need for IPv6 (10.3.1) 198
   IPv6 Address Size (10.3.2) 200
   IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence (10.3.4) 201
IPv6 Features (10.4) 203
   IPv6 Autoconfiguration and Link-Local Addresses (10.4.3) 203
   IPv6 Address Representation (10.4.5) 204
Summary (10.5) 206
Practice 207
Check Your Understanding Questions 208
Chapter 11 Transport Layer Services 211
Objectives 211
Key Terms 211
Introduction (11.0.1) 212
The Client/Server Relationship (11.1) 212
   Client and Server Interaction (11.1.1) 212
   Client Requests a Web Page (11.1.3) 213
   URI, URN, and URL (11.1.4) 214
TCP and UDP (11.2) 215
   Protocol Operations (11.2.1) 215
   TCP and UDP (11.2.3) 216
   TCP Reliability (11.2.4) 216
   UDP Best Effort Delivery (11.2.5) 217
Port Numbers (11.3) 218
   TCP and UDP Port Numbers (11.3.2) 218
   Destination and Source Port Numbers (11.3.3) 220
   Socket Pairs (11.3.4) 221
   The netstat Command (11.3.5) 223
Summary (11.4) 224
Practice 225
Check Your Understanding Questions 225
Chapter 12 Application Layer Services 229
Objectives 229
Key Terms 229
Introduction (12.0.1) 230
Network Application Services (12.1) 230
   Common Network Application Services (12.1.1) 230
Domain Name System (12.2) 231
   Domain Name Translation (12.2.1) 231
   DNS Servers (12.2.3) 232
Web Clients and Servers (12.3) 233
   HTTP and HTML (12.3.2) 233
FTP Clients and Servers (12.4) 234
   File Transfer Protocol (12.4.1) 235
   FTP Client Software (12.4.3) 236
Virtual Terminals (12.5) 237
   Telnet (12.5.2) 237
   Security Issues with Telnet (12.5.3) 238
Email and Messaging (12.6) 239
   Email Clients and Servers (12.6.1) 239
   Email Protocols (12.6.2) 240
   Text Messaging (12.6.3) 242
   Internet Phone Calls (12.6.4) 243
Summary (12.7) 244
Practice 246
Check Your Understanding Questions 246
Chapter 13 Build a Home Network 249
Objectives 249
Key Terms 249
Introduction (13.0.1) 250
Home Network Basics (13.1) 250
   Connecting Home Devices (13.1.1) 250
   Components of a Home Network (13.1.2) 251
   Typical Home Network Routers (13.1.3) 252
Network Technologies in the Home (13.2) 253
   The Electromagnetic Spectrum (13.2.1) 253
   LAN Wireless Frequencies (13.2.2) 254
   Wired Network Technologies (13.2.3) 255
Wireless Standards (13.3) 257
   Wi-Fi Networks (13.3.1) 257
   Wireless Settings (13.3.2) 257
Wireless Traffic Controls (13.4) 259
   Wireless Channels (13.4.1) 259
   Wireless as a Shared Media (13.4.2) 260
Set Up a Home Router (13.5) 261
   First Time Setup (13.5.1) 261
   Design Considerations (13.5.2) 261
   MAC Address Filtering (13.5.3) 263
Summary (13.6) 265
Practice 267
Check Your Understanding Questions 267
Chapter 14 Connect to the Internet 271
Objectives 271
Key Terms 271
Introduction (14.0.1) 272
ISP Connectivity Options (14.1) 272
   ISP Services (14.1.1) 272
   ISP Connections (14.1.2) 273
   Cable and DSL Connections (14.1.3) 274
   Additional Connectivity Options (14.1.4) 275
Network Virtualization (14.2) 276
   Cloud Computing (14.2.2) 276
   Types of Clouds (14.2.3) 276
   Cloud Services (14.2.4) 277
   Cloud Computing and Virtualization (14.2.5) 277
   Advantages of Virtualization (14.2.6) 279
   Hypervisors (14.2.7) 279
   Network Virtualization (14.2.9) 281
   Control Plane and Data Plane (14.2.10) 282
   Network Virtualization and SDN (14.2.11) 283
   SDN Architecture (14.2.12) 283
Mobile Device Connectivity (14.3) 284
   Mobile Devices and Wi-Fi (14.3.1) 284
   Wi-Fi Settings (14.3.2) 285
   Configure Mobile Wi-Fi Connectivity (14.3.3) 286
   Configure Cellular Data Settings (14.3.4) 288
   Simple Connectivity with Bluetooth (14.3.6) 290
   Bluetooth Pairing (14.3.7) 290
Summary (14.4) 293
Practice 295
Check Your Understanding Questions 295
Chapter 15 Security Considerations 299
Objectives 299
Key Terms 299
Introduction (15.0.1) 300
Security Threats (15.1) 300
   Types of Threats (15.1.1) 300
   Internal and External Threats (15.1.2) 301
Social Engineering Attacks (15.2) 302
   Overview of Social Engineering (15.2.1) 302
   Types of Social Engineering Attacks (15.2.2) 303
Malware (15.3) 304
   Malicious Software (15.3.1) 305
   Types of Malware (15.3.2) 305
   Spyware (15.3.3) 306
   Adware and Popups (15.3.4) 306
   Botnets and Zombies (15.3.5) 307
Denial-of-Service Attacks (15.4) 308
   Denial of Service (15.4.1) 308
   Distributed Denial of Service (15.4.2) 309
   Brute Force (15.4.3) 310
Security Tools (15.5) 310
   Security Practices and Procedures (15.5.1) 310
   Security Tools and Applications (15.5.2) 312
   Patches and Updates (15.5.3) 313
Antimalware Software (15.6) 314
   Signs of Infections (15.6.1) 314
   Antivirus Software (15.6.2) 315
   Antispam Software (15.6.3) 316
   Antispyware Software (15.6.4) 316
   Additional Safeguards (15.6.5) 317
Summary (15.7) 318
Practice 321
Check Your Understanding Questions 321
Chapter 16 Configure Network and Device Security 325
Objectives 325
Key Terms 325
Introduction (16.0.1) 326
Wireless Security Measures (16.1) 326
   Wireless Vulnerabilities (16.1.1) 326
   A Comprehensive Security Plan (16.1.2) 327
   SSID Broadcasts (16.1.4) 333
   Changing Default Settings (16.1.5) 334
   MAC Address Filtering (16.1.6) 335
Implement Wireless Security (16.2) 336
   Open Authentication (16.2.1) 336
   Authentication and Association (16.2.2) 336
   Authentication Protocols (16.2.3) 337
Configure a Firewall (16.3) 338
   Firewall Overview (16.3.1) 338
   Firewall Operation (16.3.2) 338
   The DMZ (16.3.3) 339
   Port Forwarding (16.3.4) 340
   Port Triggering (16.3.5) 341
Summary (16.4) 344
Practice 345
Check Your Understanding Questions 346
Chapter 17 Cisco Switches and Routers 349
Objectives 349
Key Terms 349
Introduction (17.0.1) 350
Cisco Switches (17.1) 350
   Connect More Devices (17.1.1) 350
   Cisco LAN Switches (17.1.2) 351
   LAN Switch Components (17.1.5) 354
Switch Boot Process (17.2) 355
   Power Up the Switch (17.2.1) 355
   In-Band and Out-of-Band Management (17.2.3) 358
   IOS Startup Files (17.2.4) 358
Cisco Routers (17.3) 359
   Router Components (17.3.2) 360
   Router Interface Ports (17.3.3) 360
Router Boot Process (17.4) 361
   Power Up the Router (17.4.1) 361
   Management Ports (17.4.2) 365
Summary (17.5) 367
Practice 368
Check Your Understanding Questions 368
Chapter 18 The Cisco IOS Command Line 373
Objectives 373
Key Terms 373
Introduction (18.0.1) 374
Navigate the IOS (18.1) 374
   The Cisco IOS Command-Line Interface (18.1.1) 374
   Primary Command Modes (18.1.2) 375
   A Note About Syntax Checker Activities (18.1.5) 376
The Command Structure (18.2) 376
   Basic IOS Command Structure (18.2.1) 376
   IOS Command Syntax (18.2.2) 377
   Hotkeys and Shortcuts (18.2.4) 378
View Device Information (18.3) 380
   Show Commands (18.3.2) 381
Summary (18.4) 387
Practice 388
Check Your Understanding Questions 388
Chapter 19 Build a Small Cisco Network 391
Objectives 391
Key Terms 391
Introduction (19.0.1) 392
Basic Switch Configuration (19.1) 392
   Basic Switch Configuration Steps (19.1.1) 392
   Switch Virtual Interface Configuration (19.1.2) 394
Configure Initial Router Settings (19.2) 395
   Basic Router Configuration Steps (19.2.1) 395
   Basic Router Configuration Example (19.2.2) 396
Secure the Devices (19.3) 398
   Password Recommendations (19.3.1) 398
   Secure Remote Access (19.3.2) 399
   Configure SSH (19.3.3) 400
   Verify SSH (19.3.5) 402
Connecting the Switch to the Router (19.4) 404
   Default Gateway for a Host (19.4.1) 404
   Default Gateway on a Switch (19.4.2) 406
Summary (19.5) 409
Practice 411
Check Your Understanding Questions 412
Chapter 20 Troubleshoot Common Network Problems 415
Objectives 415
Key Terms 415
Introduction (20.0.1) 416
The Troubleshooting Process (20.1) 416
   Network Troubleshooting Overview (20.1.1) 416
   Gather Information (20.1.2) 416
   Structured Troubleshooting Methods (20.1.3) 418
   Guidelines for Selecting a Troubleshooting Method (20.1.4) 422
Physical Layer Problems (20.2) 423
   Common Layer 1 Problems (20.2.1) 423
   Wireless Router LEDs (20.2.2) 424
   Cabling Problems (20.2.3) 426
Troubleshooting Commands (20.3) 426
   Overview of Troubleshooting Commands (20.3.1) 426
   The ipconfig Command (20.3.2) 427
   The ping Command (20.3.4) 430
   Ping Results (20.3.5) 431
   Divide and Conquer with ping (20.3.7) 432
   The tracert Command (20.3.8) 433
   The netstat Command (20.3.9) 434
   The nslookup Command (20.3.10) 436
Troubleshoot Wireless Issues (20.4) 438
   Causes of Wireless Issues (20.4.1) 438
   Authentication and Association Errors (20.4.2) 439
Common Internet Connectivity Issues (20.5) 441
   DHCP Server Configuration Errors (20.5.1) 441
   Check Internet Configuration (20.5.2) 442
   Check Firewall Settings (20.5.3) 444
Customer Support (20.6) 444
   Sources of Help (20.6.1) 445
   When to Call for Help (20.6.2) 445
   Support Desk Interaction (20.6.3) 446
   Issue Resolution (20.6.4) 447
   Support Desk Tickets and Work Orders (20.6.5) 448
Summary (20.7) 450
Practice 453
Check Your Understanding Questions 454
Appendix A Answers to the "Check Your Understanding" Questions 459
Glossary 471
9780137660483Â Â Â TOCÂ Â Â 1/25/2022
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