Laboratory Manual for Human Anatomy & Physiology: A Hands-on Approach, Cat Version, 1st edition

Lab Exercise 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

• 1A Laboratory Safety
• Procedure: Observing and Applying Laboratory Safety Rules
• 1B The Scientific Method
• Procedure: Using the Scientific Method to Compare Arm Span and Height
• 1C Human Body Systems
• Procedure: Identifying the Human Body Systems, Organs, and Functions
• 1D Anatomical Position and Directional Terminology
• Procedure: Demonstrating Anatomical Position and Using Directional Terminology
• 1E Regional Terminology
• Procedure: Using Regional Terminology to Describe Areas of the Body
• 1F Planes of Section
• Procedure: Identifying Planes of Section
• 1G Body Cavities, Abdominopelvic Quadrants, Abdominopelvic Regions, and Serous Membranes
• Procedure 1: Identifying Major Organs within Body Cavities and Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
• Procedure 2: Understanding the Structure of Serous Membranes

Lab Exercise 2: The Chemistry of Life

• 2A The Periodic Table, Atomic Structure, and Chemical Bonds
• Procedure 1: Using the Periodic Table to Determine Atomic Number, Atomic Mass, and Number of Subatomic Particles
• Procedure 2: Using the Periodic Table to Draw Atomic Structure
• Procedure 3: Drawing Chemical Bonds
• 2B Enzymes
• Procedure: Determining Enzyme-Substrate Specificity of Lactase on Lactose, Sucrose, and Maltose
• 2C pH
• Procedure: Determining the pH of Various Household Chemicals
• 2D Organic Molecules
• Procedure 1: Testing for the Presence of Monosaccharaides and Disaccharides
• Procedure 2: Testing for the Presence of Starch
• Procedure 3: Testing for the Presence of Peptides and Proteins
• Procedure 4: Testing for the Presence of Lipid
• Procedure 5: Determining the Chemical Composition of Various Foods
• Procedure 6: Extracting Human DNA from Cheek Cells

Lab Exercise 3: The Cell

• 3A Microscopy
• Procedure 1: Exploring the Parts of a Compound Light Microscope
• Procedure 2: Calculating Total Magnification
• Procedure 3: Focusing a Compound Light Microscope
• Procedure 4: Estimating the Diameter of the Microscope Field
• Procedure 5: Determining Depth of Field
• Procedure 6: Working with a Dissecting Microscope
• 3B Cell Structure
• Procedure 1: Identifying Cellular Organelles and Structures
• Procedure 2: Preparing a Wet Mount and Observing Cheek Cells
• Procedure 3: Observing Various Types of Cells
• 3C Membrane Function
• Procedure 1: Examining the Effects of Temperature on the Rate of Diffusion
• Procedure 2: Observing Diffusion across a Selectively Permeable Membrane
• Procedure 3: Examining the Effect of Tonicity on Osmosis
• Procedure 4: Examining the Effects of Particle Size on Filtration
• 3D The Cell Cycle
• Procedure: Identifying the Stages of the Cell Cycle and Mitosis
• 3E PhysioEx™ Activities
• PEx Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion)
• PEx Activity 2: Simulated Facilitated Diffusion
• PEx Activity 3: Simulating Osmotic Pressure
• PEx Activity 4: Simulating Filtration
• PEx Activity 5: Simulating Active Transport

Lab Exercise 4: Histology

• 4A Epithelial Tissue
• Procedure: Examining Epithelial Tissue
• 4B Connective Tissue
• Procedure: Examining Connective Tissues
• 4C Muscle Tissue
• Procedure: Examining Muscle Tissue
• 4D Nervous Tissue
• Procedure: Examining Nervous Tissue

Lab Exercise 5: The Integumentary System

• 5A The Skin
• Procedure 1: Identifying Layers and Structures of the Skin
• Procedure 2: Identifying Fingerprint Patterns
• 5B Accessory Structures
• Procedure 1: Examining Hair Structure
• Procedure 2: Examining Nail Structure
• Procedure 3: Comparing Skin Glands

Lab Exercise 6: Bones and Bone Tissue

• 6A Gross Anatomy of Bone
• Procedure 1: Identifying Bones Based on Shape
• Procedure 2: Identifying the Parts of a Typical Long Bone
• 6B Microscopic Bone Structure
• Procedure 1: Examining Microscopic Structure of Bone
• Procedure 2: Examining Bone Matrix

Lab Exercise 7: The Skeletal System

• 7A Overview of the Skeletal System
• Procedure 1: Identifying Major Bones of the Skeletal System
• Procedure 2: Understanding Terminology Associated with Bone Markings
• 7B The Skull
• Procedure 1: Identifying the Bones and Bone Markings of the Adult Skull
• Procedure 2: Examining the Fetal Skull
• 7C The Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage
• Procedure 1: Identifying the Bones and Bone Markings of the Vertebral Column
• Procedure 2: Identifying the Bones and Bone Markings of the Thoracic Cage
• 7D The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• Procedure 1: Identifying the Bones and Bone Markings of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• 7E The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• Procedure: Identifying the Bones and Bone Markings of the Pelvic and Lower Limb

Lab Exercise 8: Articulations

• 8A Classifications of Joints
• Procedure 1: Identifying Joints
• Procedure 2: Identifying the Components of a Synovial Joint
• 8B Synovial Joints
• Procedure 1: Classifying Synovial Joints
• Procedure 2: Demonstrating Synovial Joint Movements
• Procedure 3: Examining the Elbow, Knee, Shoulder, and Hip Joints

Lab Exercise 9: The Muscular System

• 9A Overview of Skeletal Muscles
• Procedure: Identifying the Major Skeletal Muscles
• 9B Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Trunk
• Procedure: Identifying the Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Trunk
• 9C Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• Procedure: Identifying the Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• 9D Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• Procedure: Identifying the Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• 9E Build a Muscle
• Procedure: Build a Muscle

Lab Exercise 10: Muscle Tissue and Physiology

• 10A Overview of Muscle Tissue
• Procedure: Identifying the Three Types of Muscle Tissue
• 10B Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
• Procedure: Identifying the Structures of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
• 10C Skeletal Muscle Contraction and Relaxation
• Procedure 1: Understanding Skeletal Muscle Contraction and Relaxation
• Procedure 2: Observing Skeletal Muscle Contraction Using Glycerinated Muscle
• 10D Isotonic and Isometric Contractions
• Procedure: Demonstrating Isotonic and Isometric Contractions
• 10E Muscle Fatigue
• Procedure: Demonstrating Muscle Fatigue
• 10F PhysioEx™ Activities
• PEx Activity 1: The Muscle Twitch and the Latent Period
• PEx Activity 2: The Effect of Stimulus Voltage on Skeletal Muscle Contraction
• PEx Activity 3: The Effect of Stimulus Frequency on Skeletal Muscle Contraction
• PEx Activity 4: Tetanus in Isolated Skeletal Muscle
• PEx Activity 5: Fatigue in Isolated Skeletal Muscle
• PEx Activity 6: Skeletal Muscle Length-Tension Relationship
• PEx Activity 7: Isotonic Contractions and the Load-Velocity Relationship

Lab Exercise 11: Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

• 11A Nervous Tissue
• Procedure 1: Identifying the Components of Nervous Tissue
• Procedure 2: Exploring the Anatomy of Neurons and Neuroglia
• 11B Electrophysiology of Neurons
• Procedure: Understanding Electrophysiology of Neurons
• 11C Neuronal Synapses
• Procedure 1: Comparing Electrical and Chemical Synapses
• Procedure 2: Understanding Chemical Synaptic Transmission
• 11D PhysioEx™ Activities
• PEx Activity 1: The Resting Membrane Potential
• PEx Activity 2: Receptor Potential
• PEx Activity 3: The Action Potential: Threshold
• PEx Activity 4: The Action Potential: Importance of Voltage-Gated Na⁺ Channels
• PEx Activity 5: The Action Potential: Measuring Its Absolute and Relative Refractory Periods
• PEx Activity 6: The Action Potential: Coding for Stimulus Intensity
• PEx Activity 7: The Action Potential: Conduction Velocity
• PEx Activity 8: Chemical Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitter Release
• PEx Activity 9: The Action Potential: Putting It All Together

Lab Exercise 12: The Central Nervous System

• 12A The Brain
• Procedure 1: Identifying the Major Structures of the Human Brain and Their Functions
• Procedure 2: Dissecting a Preserved Sheep Brain
• 12B The Spinal Cord
• Procedure: Examining Spinal Cord Anatomy
• 12C Electroencephalography
• Procedure: Recording an EEG and Identifying Brain Waves

Lab Exercise 13: The Peripheral Nervous System

• 13A Cranial Nerves
• Procedure 1: Identifying the Cranial Nerves and Their Functions
• Procedure 2: Testing the Response of Cranial Nerves
• Procedure 3: Identifying Cranial Nerves on a Preserved Sheep Brain
• 13B Spinal Nerves
• Procedure: Identifying the Spinal Nerves and Their Functions
• 13C Sensation
• Procedure 1: Identifying Sensory Receptors in the Skin
• Procedure 2: Determining the Size of a Receptive Field
• 13D Reflexes
• Procedure: Demonstrating Reflex Arcs

Lab Exercise 14: The Autonomic Nervous System and Homeostasis

• 14A Anatomy of the ANS
• Procedure: Identifying Components of the Autonomic Nervous System
• 14B Physiology of the ANS
• Procedure: Examining the Effect of Stress on the ANS

Lab Exercise 15: The Special Senses

• 15A Overview of the Special Senses
• Procedure: Identifying Stimuli Detected and Special Sense Receptors Used
• 15B Olfaction and Gustation
• Procedure 1: Examining the Structures of Olfaction and Gustation
• Procedure 2: Examining the Relationship between Smell and Taste
• 15C Anatomy of the Eye
• Procedure 1: Examining the Structures of the Eye
• Procedure 2: Dissecting the Preserved Eye
• 15D Visual Tests and Demonstrations
• Procedure 1: Performing the Visual Acuity Test Using the Snellen Eye Chart
• Procedure 2: Conducting an Astigmatism Test
• Procedure 3: Performing the Near Point of Accommodation Test
• Procedure 4: Testing for Color Blindness
• Procedure 5: Demonstrating the Pupillary Reflex
• Procedure 6: Demonstrating a Blind Spot
• 15E Anatomy of the Ear
• Procedure: Examining the Structures of the Ear
• 15F Hearing and Equilibrium Tests
• Procedure 1: Performing the Auditory Acuity Test
• Procedure 2: Performing the Sound Localization Test
• Procedure 3: Performing the Weber Test
• Procedure 4: Performing the Rinne Test
• Procedure 5: Performing the Bárány Test
• Procedure 6: Performing the Romberg Test

Lab Exercise 16: The Endocrine System

• 16A Overview of the Endocrine System
  Procedure: Understanding the Endocrine System
• 16B Anatomy of the Endocrine System
• Procedure 1: Examining the Anatomy of the Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Pineal Glands
• Procedure 2: Examining the Anatomy of the Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Thymus
• Procedure 3: Examining the Anatomy of the Pancreas
• Procedure 4: Examining the Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands
• Procedure 5: Examining the Anatomy of the Gonads
• 16C PhysioEx™ Activities
• PEx Activity 1: Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone
• PEx Activity 2: Plasma Glucose, Insulin, and Diabetes Mellitus
• PEx Activity 3: Hormone Replacement Therapy
• PEx Activity 4: Measuring Cortisol and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Lab Exercise 17: The Cardiovascular System I: The Heart

• 17A Structure of the Heart
• Procedure 1: Identifying the Anatomy of the Heart
• Procedure 2: Dissecting a Preserved Heart
• 17B Blood Flow Pathway through the Heart
• Procedure: Tracing the Pathway of Blood through the Heart
• 17C Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• Procedure: Identifying the Components of Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• 17D The Cardiac Cycle
• Procedure 1: Recording Electrical Activity in the Heart
• Procedure 2: Auscultating Heart Sounds
• 17E PhysioEx™ Activities
• PEx Activity 1: Investigating the Refractory Period of Cardiac Muscle
• PEx Activity 2: Examining the Effect of the Vagus Nerve Stimulation
• PEx Activity 3: Examining the Effect of Temperature on Heart Rate
• PEx Activity 4: Examining the Effect of Chemical Modifiers on Heart Rate
• PEx Activity 5: Examining the Effects of Various Ions on Heart Rate

Lab Exercise 18: The Cardiovascular System II: The Blood Vessels

• 18A Blood Vessel Anatomy
• Procedure: Identifying Blood Vessels and Their Anatomy
• 18B Major Arteries and Veins
• Procedure 1: Identifying Major Arteries and Veins
• Procedure 2: Blood Flow Tracing
• 18C Pulse Palpation and Pulse Rate
• Procedure: Palpating Pulse and Calculating Pulse Rate Before and After Exercise
• 18D Arterial Blood Pressure
• Procedure: Measuring Blood Pressure Before and After Exercise
• 18E Ankle-Brachial Index
• Procedure: Determining the Ankle-Brachial Index Using a Doppler Ultrasound Device
• 18F PhysioEx™ Activities
• PEx Activity 1: Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Radius on Blood Flow Rate
• PEx Activity 2: Studying the Effect of Blood Viscosity on Blood Flow Rate
• PEx Activity 3: Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Length on Blood Flow Rate
• PEx Activity 4: Studying the Effect of Blood Pressure on Blood Flow Rate
• PEx Activity 5: Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Radius on Pump Activity
• PEx Activity 6: Studying the Effect of Stroke Volume on Pump Activity
• PEx Activity 7: Compensation in Pathological Cardiovascular Conditions

Lab Exercise 19: Blood

• 19A Formed Elements of Blood
• Procedure 1: Identifying the Formed Elements of Blood
• Procedure 2: Performing a Differential White Blood Cell Count
• 19B Blood Disorders
• Procedure 1: Identifying Blood Disorders and Parasitic Infections
• Procedure 2: Identifying Vessel Abnormalities and Blood Clots
• 19C Blood Typing
• Procedure 1: Determining Blood Types Using Simulated Blood
• Procedure 2: Determining Blood Type Compatibility
• 19D PhysioEx™ Activities
• PEx Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination
• PEx Activity 2: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
• PEx Activity 3: Hemoglobin Determination
• PEx Activity 4: Blood Typing
• PEx Activity 5: Blood Cholesterol

Lab Exercise 20: The Lymphatic System and Immunity

• 20A Overview of the Lymphatic System
• Procedure 1: Identifying the Tissues and Organs of the Lymphatic System
• Procedure 2: Tracing Lymph Flow
• Procedure 3: Examining a Lymphatic Vessel
• 20B Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
• Procedure: Examining Lymphatic Tissue and Organs
• 20C Immunity
• Procedure: Testing for the Presence of the Zika Virus Using a Simulated ELISA Kit
• 20D PhysioEx™ Activities
• PEx Activity 1: Using Direct Fluorescent Antibody Technique to Test for Chlamydia
• PEx Activity 2: Comparing Samples with Ouchterlony Double Diffusion
• PEx Activity 3: Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
• PEx Activity 4: Western Blotting Technique

Lab Exercise 21: The Respiratory System

• 21A Overview of the Respiratory System
• Procedure: Identifying the Organs of the Respiratory System
• 21B Anatomy of the Respiratory System
• Procedure 1: Examining the Structures and Organs of the Upper Respiratory System
• Procedure 2: Examining the Structures and Organs of the Lower Respiratory System
• Procedure 3: Comparing Healthy Lung Tissue to Damaged Lung Tissue
• 21C Pulmonary Ventilation
• Procedure 1: Understanding Pulmonary Ventilation
• Procedure 2: Using a Handheld Spirometer
• 21D Control of Breathing
• Procedure: Demonstrating How Various Factors Affect Breathing
• 21E PhysioEx™ Activities
• PEx Activity 1: Measuring Respiratory Volumes and Calculating Capacities
• PEx Activity 2: Comparative Spirometry
• PEx Activity 3: Effect of Surfactant and Intrapleural Pressure on Respiration

Lab Exercise 22: The Digestive System

• 22A Overview of the Digestive System
• Procedure 1: Identifying the Organs of the Digestive System
• Procedure 2: Examining the Histology of the Alimentary Canal
• 22B Anatomy of the Digestive System
• Procedure 1: Examining the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
• Procedure 2: Examining the Esophagus and Stomach
• Procedure 3: Examining the Intestines
• Procedure 4: Examining the Accessory Organs of the Digestive System
• 22C Nutrient Digestion
• Procedure 1: Investigating Amylase Activity
• Procedure 2: Investigating Pepsin Activity
• Procedure 3: Investigating Lipase Activity
• 22D PhysioEx™ Activities
• PEx Activity 1: Assessing Starch Digestion by Salivary Amylase
• PEx Activity 2: Exploring Amylase Substrate Specificity
• PEx Activity 3: Assessing Pepsin Digestion of Protein
• PEx Activity 4: Assessing Lipase Digestion of Fat

Lab Exercise 23: Metabolism and Nutrition

• 23A Overview of Metabolism
• Procedure: Examining the Effects of Exercise on Cellular Respiration
• 23B Nutrition and Body Mass
• Procedure 1: Calculating Metabolic Rate
• Procedure 2: Calculating Body Mass Index

Lab Exercise 24: The Urinary System

• 24A Overview of the Urinary System
• Procedure: Identifying Organs of the Urinary System
• 24B Anatomy of the Urinary System
• Procedure 1: Examining the Anatomy of the Kidney
• Procedure 2: Dissecting a Preserved Kidney
• Procedure 3: Identifying the Blood Vessels of a Kidney
• Procedure 4: Identifying the Components of a Nephron
• Procedure 5: Examining the Anatomy of the Urinary Tract
• 24C Physiology of the Urinary System
• Procedure 1: Understanding the Big Picture of Renal Physiology
• Procedure 2: Tracing the Flow of Fluid through the Urinary System
• Procedure 3: Performing a Urinalysis
• 24D PhysioEx™ Activities
• PEx Activity 1: The Effect of Arteriole Radius on Glomerular Filtration
• PEx Activity 2: The Effect of Pressure on Glomerular Filtration
• PEx Activity 3: Renal Response to Altered Blood Pressure
• PEx Activity 4: Solute Gradients and Their Impact on Urine Concentration
• PEx Activity 5: Reabsorption of Glucose via Carrier Proteins
• PEx Activity 6: The Effect of Hormones on Urine Formation

Lab Exercise 25: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis

• 25A Homeostasis
• Procedure: Examining the Effects of Buffers
• 25B PhysioEx™ Activities
• PEx Activity 1: Hyperventilation
• PEx Activity 2: Rebreathing
• PEx Activity 3: Renal Responses to Respiratory Acidosis and Respiratory Alkalosis
• PEx Activity 4: Respiratory Responses to Metabolic Acidosis

Lab Exercise 26: The Reproductive System

• 26A Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
• Procedure 1: Examining Male Reproductive System Organs and Structures
• Procedure 2: Tracing Sperm from Production to Ejaculation
• 26B Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
• Procedure: Examining Female Reproductive Organs and Structures
• 26C Physiology of the Reproductive Systems
• Procedure 1: Identifying the Stages of Meiosis
• Procedure 2: Examining Sperm
• Procedure 3: Understanding Hormonal Regulation of the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
• Procedure 4: Examining Ovarian Follicles

Lab Exercise 27: Human Development

• 27A Overview of Human Development
• Procedure: Identifying Events during Prenatal Development
• 27B Pregnancy and Childbirth
• Procedure: Identifying Events during Childbirth

Cat Dissection Exercises

1. The Muscular System of the Cat
2. The Spinal Nerves of the Cat
3. The Respiratory System of the Cat
4. The Digestive System of the Cat
5. The Cardiovascular System of the Cat
6. The Urinary System of the Cat
7. The Reproductive System of the Cat

Pig Dissection Exercises

1. Examining Surface Anatomy and Preparing the Fetal Pig for Dissection
2. Skeletal Muscles of the Fetal Pig
3. Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves of the Fetal Pig
4. Endocrine System of the Fetal Pig
5. Cardiovascular System of the Fetal Pig
6. Digestive System of the Fetal Pig
7. Respiratory System of the Fetal Pig
8. Urinary System of the Fetal Pig
9. Reproductive System of the Fetal Pig</p