Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management, 6th edition

Thomas Connolly
, Carolyn Begg

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This book is ideal for a one- or two-term course in database management or database design in an undergraduate or graduate level course. With its comprehensive coverage, this book can also be used as a reference for IT professionals.

This best-selling text introduces the theory behind databases in a concise yet comprehensive manner, providing database design methodology that can be used by both technical and non-technical readers. The methodology for relational Database Management Systems is presented in simple, step-by-step instructions in conjunction with a realistic worked example using three explicit phases—conceptual, logical, and physical database design.

Teaching and Learning Experience

This program presents a better teaching and learning experience–for you and your students. It provides:

Database Design Methodology that can be Used by Both Technical and Non-technical Readers

Part 1 Background

Chapter 1 Introduction to Databases
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Traditional File-Based Systems
  - 1.2.1 File-Based Approach
  - 1.2.2 Limitations of the File-Based Approach
- 1.3 Database Approach
  - 1.3.1 The Database
  - 1.3.2 The Database Management System (DBMS)
  - 1.3.3 (Database) Application Programs
  - 1.3.4 Components of the DBMS Environment
  - 1.3.5 Database Design: The Paradigm Shift
- 1.4 Roles in the Database Environment
  - 1.4.1 Data and Database Administrators
  - 1.4.2 Database Designers
  - 1.4.3 Application Developers
  - 1.4.4 End-Users
- 1.5 History of Database Management Systems
- 1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMSs
Chapter 2 Database Environment
- 2.1 The Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture
  - 2.1.1 External Level
  - 2.1.2 Conceptual Level
  - 2.1.3 Internal Level
  - 2.1.4 Schemas, Mappings, and Instances
  - 2.1.5 Data Independence
- 2.2 Database Languages
  - 2.2.1 The Data Definition Language (DDL)
  - 2.2.2 The Data Manipulation Language (DML)
  - 2.2.3 Fourth-Generation Languages (4GLs)
- 2.3 Data Models and Conceptual Modeling
  - 2.3.1 Object-Based Data Models
  - 2.3.2 Record-Based Data Models
  - 2.3.3 Physical Data Models
  - 2.3.4 Conceptual Modeling
- 2.4 Functions of a DBMS
Chapter 3 Database Architectures and the Web
- 3.1 Multi-user DBMS Architectures
  - 3.1.1 Teleprocessing
  - 3.1.2 File-Server Architecture
  - 3.1.3 Traditional Two-Tier Client—Server Architecture
  - 3.1.4 Three-Tier Client—Server Architecture
  - 3.1.5 -Tier Architectures
  - 3.1.6 Middleware
  - 3.1.7 Transaction Processing Monitors
- 3.2 Web Services and Service-Oriented Architectures
  - 3.2.1 Web Services
  - 3.2.2 Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA)
- 3.3 Distributed DBMSs
- 3.4 Data Warehousing
- 3.5 Cloud Computing
  - 3.5.1 Benefits and Risks of Cloud Computing
  - 3.5.2 Cloud-based database solutions
- 3.6 Components of a DBMS
- 3.7 Oracle Architecture
  - 3.7.1 Oracle’s Logical Database Structure
  - 3.7.2 Oracle’s Physical Database Structure
Part 2 The Relational Model and Languages
- Chapter 4 The Relational Model
  - 4.1 Brief History of the Relational Model
  - 4.2 Terminology
    - 4.2.1 Relational Data Structure
    - 4.2.2 Mathematical Relations
    - 4.2.3 Database Relations
    - 4.2.4 Properties of Relations
    - 4.2.5 Relational Keys
    - 4.2.6 Representing Relational Database Schemas
  - 4.3 Integrity Constraints
    - 4.3.1 Nulls
    - 4.3.2 Entity Integrity
    - 4.3.3 Referential Integrity
    - 4.3.4 General Constraints
  - 4.4 Views
    - 4.4.1 Terminology
    - 4.4.2 Purpose of Views
    - 4.4.3 Updating Views
- Chapter 5 Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus
  - 5.1 The Relational Algebra
    - 5.1.1 Unary Operations
    - 5.1.2 Set Operations
    - 5.1.3 Join Operations
    - 5.1.4 Division Operation
    - 5.1.5 Aggregation and Grouping Operations
    - 5.1.6 Summary of the Relational Algebra Operations
  - 5.2 The Relational Calculus
    - 5.2.1 Tuple Relational Calculus
    - 5.2.2 Domain Relational Calculus
  - 5.3 Other Languages
Chapter 6 SQL: Data Manipulation
- 6.1 Introduction to SQL
  - 6.1.1 Objectives of SQL
  - 6.1.2 History of SQL
  - 6.1.3 Importance of SQL
  - 6.1.4 Terminology
- 6.2 Writing SQL Commands
- 6.3 Data Manipulation
  - 6.3.1 Simple Queries
  - 6.3.2 Sorting Results (ORDER BY Clause)
  - 6.3.3 Using the SQL Aggregate Functions
  - 6.3.4 Grouping Results (GROUP BY Clause)
  - 6.3.5 Subqueries
  - 6.3.6 ANY and ALL
  - 6.3.7 Multi-table Queries
  - 6.3.8 EXISTS and NOT EXISTS
  - 6.3.9 Combining Result Tables (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
  - 6.3.10 Database Updates
Chapter 7 SQL: Data Definition
- 7.1 The ISO SQL Data Types
  - 7.1.1 SQL Identifiers
  - 7.1.2 SQL Scalar Data Types
- 7.2 Integrity Enhancement Feature
  - 7.2.1 Required Data
  - 7.2.2 Domain Constraints
  - 7.2.3 Entity Integrity
  - 7.2.4 Referential Integrity
  - 7.2.5 General Constraints
- 7.3 Data Definition
  - 7.3.1 Creating a Database
  - 7.3.2 Creating a Table (CREATE TABLE)
  - 7.3.3 Changing a Table Definition (ALTER TABLE)
  - 7.3.4 Removing a Table (DROP TABLE)
  - 7.3.5 Creating an Index (CREATE INDEX)
  - 7.3.6 Removing an Index (DROP INDEX)
- 7.4 Views
  - 7.4.1 Creating a View (CREATE VIEW)
  - 7.4.2 Removing a View (DROP VIEW)
  - 7.4.3 View Resolution
  - 7.4.4 Restrictions on Views
  - 7.4.5 View Updatability
  - 7.4.6 WITH CHECK OPTION
  - 7.4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Views
  - 7.4.8 View Materialization
- 7.5 Transactions
  - 7.5.1 Immediate and Deferred Integrity Constraints
- 7.6 Discretionary Access Control
  - 7.6.1 Granting Privileges to Other Users (GRANT)
  - 7.6.2 Revoking Privileges from Users (REVOKE)
Chapter 8 Advanced SQL
- 8.1 The SQL Programming Language
  - 8.1.1 Declarations
  - 8.1.2 Assignments
  - 8.1.3 Control Statements
  - 8.1.4 Exceptions in PL/SQL
  - 8.1.5 Cursors in PL/SQL
- 8.2 Subprograms, Stored Procedures, Functions, and Packages
- 8.3 Triggers
- 8.4 Recursion
Chapter 9 Object-Relational DBMSs
- 9.1 Advanced Database Applications
- 9.2 Weaknesses of RDBMSs
- 9.3 Storing Objects in a Relational Database
  - 9.3.1 Mapping Classes to Relations
  - 9.3.2 Accessing Objects in the Relational Database
- 9.4 Introduction to Object-Relational Database Systems
- 9.5 SQL:2011
  - 9.5.1 Row Types
  - 9.5.2 User-Defined Types
  - 9.5.3 Subtypes and Supertypes
  - 9.5.4 User-Defined Routines
  - 9.5.5 Polymorphism
  - 9.5.6 Reference Types and Object Identity
  - 9.5.7 Creating Tables
  - 9.5.8 Querying Data
  - 9.5.9 Collection Types
  - 9.5.10 Typed Views
  - 9.5.11 Persistent Stored Modules
  - 9.5.12 Triggers
  - 9.5.13 Large Objects
  - 9.5.14 Recursion
- 9.6 Object-Oriented Extensions in Oracle
  - 9.6.1 User-Defined Data Types
  - 9.6.2 Manipulating Object Tables
  - 9.6.3 Object Views
  - 9.6.4 Privileges

Chapter 10 Database System Development Lifecycle
- 10.1 The Information Systems Lifecycle
- 10.2 The Database System Development Lifecycle
- 10.3 Database Planning
- 10.4 System Definition
  - 10.4.1 User Views
- 10.5 Requirements Collection and Analysis
  - 10.5.1 Centralized Approach
  - 10.5.2 View Integration Approach
- 10.6 Database Design
  - 10.6.1 Approaches to Database Design
  - 10.6.2 Data Modeling
  - 10.6.3 Phases of Database Design
- 10.7 DBMS Selection
  - 10.7.1 Selecting the DBMS
- 10.8 Application Design
  - 10.8.1 Transaction Design
  - 10.8.2 User Interface Design Guidelines
- 10.9 Prototyping
- 10.10 Implementation
- 10.11 Data Conversion and Loading
- 10.12 Testing
- 10.13 Operational Maintenance
- 10.14 CASE Tools
Chapter 11 Database Analysis and the Case Study
- 11.1 When Are Fact-Finding Techniques Used?
- 11.2 What Facts Are Collected?
- 11.3 Fact-Finding Techniques
  - 11.3.1 Examining Documentation
  - 11.3.2 Interviewing
  - 11.3.3 Observing the Enterprise in Operation
  - 11.3.4 Research
  - 11.3.5 Questionnaires
- 11.4 Using Fact-Finding Techniques: A Worked -Example
  - 11.4.1 The Case Study–An Overview of the Current System
  - 11.4.2 The Case Study–Database Planning
  - 11.4.3 The Case Study–System Definition
  - 11.4.4 The Case Study–Requirements Collection and Analysis
  - 11.4.5 The Case Study–Database Design
Chapter 12 Entity—Relationship Modeling
- 12.1 Entity Types
- 12.2 Relationship Types
  - 12.2.1 Degree of Relationship Type
  - 12.2.2 Recursive Relationship
- 12.3 Attributes
  - 12.3.1 Simple and Composite Attributes
  - 12.3.2 Single-valued and Multi-valued Attributes
  - 12.3.3 Derived Attributes
  - 12.3.4 Keys
- 12.4 Strong and Weak Entity Types
- 12.5 Attributes on Relationships
- 12.6 Structural Constraints
  - 12.6.1 One-to-One (1:1) Relationships
  - 12.6.2 One-to-Many (1:*) Relationships
  - 12.6.3 Many-to-Many (*:*) Relationships
  - 12.6.4 Multiplicity for Complex Relationships
  - 12.6.5 Cardinality and Participation Constraints
- 12.7 Problems with ER Models
  - 12.7.1 Fan Traps
  - 12.7.2 Chasm Traps
Chapter 13 Enhanced Entity—Relationship Modeling
- 13.1 Specialization/Generalization
  - 13.1.1 Superclasses and Subclasses
  - 13.1.2 Superclass/Subclass Relationships
  - 13.1.3 Attribute Inheritance
  - 13.1.4 Specialization Process
  - 13.1.5 Generalization Process
  - 13.1.6 Constraints on Specialization/Generalization
  - 13.1.7 Worked Example of using Specialization/ Generalization to Model the Branch View of the Case Study
- 13.2 Aggregation
- 13.3 Composition
Chapter 14 Normalization
- 14.1 The Purpose of Normalization
- 14.2 How Normalization Supports Database Design
- 14.3 Data Redundancy and Update Anomalies
  - 14.3.1 Insertion Anomalies
  - 14.3.2 Deletion Anomalies
  - 14.3.3 Modification Anomalies
- 14.4 Functional Dependencies
  - 14.4.1 Characteristics of Functional Dependencies
  - 14.4.2 Identifying Functional Dependencies
  - 14.4.3 Identifying the Primary Key for a Relation Using Functional Dependencies
- 14.5 The Process of Normalization
- 14.6 First Normal Form (1NF)
- 14.7 Second Normal Form (2NF)
- 14.8 Third Normal Form (3NF)
- 14.9 General Definitions of 2NF and 3NF
Chapter 15 Advanced Normalization
- 15.1 More on Functional Dependencies
  - 15.1.1 Inference Rules for Functional Dependencies
  - 15.1.2 Minimal Sets of Functional Dependencies
- 15.2 Boyce—Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
  - 15.2.1 Definition of BCNF
- 15.3 Review of Normalization Up to BCNF
- 15.4 Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
  - 15.4.1 Multi-Valued Dependency
  - 15.4.2 Definition of Fourth Normal Form
- 15.5 Fifth Normal Form (5NF)
  - 15.5.1 Lossless-Join Dependency
  - 15.5.2 Definition of Fifth Normal Form

Chapter 16 Methodology–Conceptual Database Design
- 16.1 Introduction to the Database Design Methodology
  - 16.1.1 What Is a Design Methodology?
  - 16.1.2 Conceptual, Logical, and Physical Database Design
  - 16.1.3 Critical Success Factors in Database Design
- 16.2 Overview of the Database Design Methodology
- 16.3 Conceptual Database Design Methodology
- Step 1: Build Conceptual Data Model
Chapter 17 Methodology–Logical Database Design for the Relational Model
- 17.1 Logical Database Design Methodology for the Relational Model
- Step 2: Build Logical Data Model
Chapter 18 Methodology–Physical Database Design for Relational Databases
- 18.1 Comparison of Logical and Physical Database Design
- 18.2 Overview of the Physical Database Design Methodology
- 18.3 The Physical Database Design Methodology for Relational Databases
- Step 3: Translate Logical Data Model for Target DBMS
- Step 4: Design File Organizations and Indexes
- Step 5: Design User Views
- Step 6: Design Security Mechanisms
Chapter 19 Methodology–Monitoring and Tuning the Operational System
- 19.1 Denormalizing and Introducing Controlled Redundancy
- Step 7: Consider the Introduction of Controlled Redundancy
- 19.2 Monitoring the System to Improve Performance
- Step 8: Monitor and Tune the Operational System

Chapter 20 Security and Administration
- 20.1 Database Security
  - 20.1.1 Threats
- 20.2 Countermeasures–Computer-Based Controls
  - 20.2.1 Authorization
  - 20.2.2 Access Controls
  - 20.2.3 Views
  - 20.2.4 Backup and Recovery
  - 20.2.5 Integrity
  - 20.2.6 Encryption
  - 20.2.7 RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
- 20.3 Security in Microsoft Office Access DBMS
- 20.4 Security in Oracle DBMS
- 20.5 DBMSs and Web Security
  - 20.5.1 Proxy Servers
  - 20.5.2 Firewalls
  - 20.5.3 Message Digest Algorithms and Digital Signatures
  - 20.5.4 Digital Certificates
  - 20.5.5 Kerberos
  - 20.5.6 Secure Sockets Layer and Secure HTTP
  - 20.5.7 Secure Electronic Transactions and Secure Transaction Technology
  - 20.5.8 Java Security
  - 20.5.9 ActiveX Security
- 20.6 Data Administration and Database Administration
  - 20.6.1 Data Administration
  - 20.6.2 Database Administration
  - 20.6.3 Comparison of Data and Database Administration
Chapter 21 Professional, Legal, and Ethical Issues in Data Management
- 21.1 Defining Legal and Ethical Issues in IT
  - 21.1.1 Defining Ethics in the Context of IT
  - 21.1.2 The Difference Between Ethical and Legal Behavior
  - 21.1.3 Ethical Behavior in IT
- 21.2 Legislation and Its Impact on the IT Function
  - 21.2.1 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulation National Market System (NMS)
  - 21.2.2 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, COBIT, and COSO
  - 21.2.3 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
  - 21.2.4 The European Union (EU) Directive on Data Protection of 1995
  - 21.2.5 The United Kingdom’s Data Protection Act of 1998
  - 21.2.6 Access to Information Laws
  - 21.2.7 International Banking–Basel II Accords
- 21.3 Establishing a Culture of Legal and Ethical Data Stewardship
  - 21.3.1 Developing an Organization-Wide Policy for Legal and Ethical Behavior
  - 21.3.2 Professional Organizations and Codes of Ethics
  - 21.3.3 Developing an Organization-Wide Policy for Legal and Ethical Behavior for
- 21.4 Intellectual Property
  - 21.4.1 Patent
  - 21.4.2 Copyright
  - 21.4.3 Trademark
  - 21.4.4 Intellectual Property Rights Issues for Software
  - 21.4.5 Intellectual Property Rights Issues for Data
Chapter 22 Transaction Management
- 22.1 Transaction Support
  - 22.1.1 Properties of Transactions
  - 22.1.2 Database Architecture
- 22.2 Concurrency Control
  - 22.2.1 The Need for Concurrency Control
  - 22.2.2 Serializability and Recoverability
  - 22.2.3 Locking Methods
  - 22.2.4 Deadlock
  - 22.2.5 Timestamping Methods
  - 22.2.6 Multiversion Timestamp Ordering
  - 22.2.7 Optimistic Techniques
  - 22.2.8 Granularity of Data Items
- 22.3 Database Recovery
  - 22.3.1 The Need for Recovery
  - 22.3.2 Transactions and Recovery
  - 22.3.3 Recovery Facilities
  - 22.3.4 Recovery Techniques
  - 22.3.5 Recovery in a Distributed DBMS
- 22.4 Advanced Transaction Models
  - 22.4.1 Nested Transaction Model
  - 22.4.2 Sagas
  - 22.4.3 Multilevel Transaction Model
  - 22.4.4 Dynamic Restructuring
  - 22.4.5 Workflow Models
- 22.5 Concurrency Control and Recovery in Oracle
  - 22.5.1 Oracle’s Isolation Levels
  - 22.5.2 Multiversion Read Consistency
  - 22.5.3 Deadlock Detection
  - 22.5.4 Backup and Recovery
Chapter 23 Query Processing
- 23.1 Overview of Query Processing
- 23.2 Query Decomposition
- 23.3 Heuristical Approach to Query Optimization
  - 23.3.1 Transformation Rules for the Relational Algebra Operations
  - 23.3.2 Heuristical Processing Strategies
- 23.4 Cost Estimation for the Relational Algebra Operations
  - 23.4.1 Database Statistics
  - 23.4.2 Selection Operation (S = sp(R))
  - 23.4.3 Join Operation (T = (R F S))
  - 23.4.4 Projection Operation (S = pA1, A2, . . . , A (R))
  - 23.4.5 The Relational Algebra Set Operations (T = R ¿ S, T = R > S, T = R — S)
- 23.5 Enumeration of Alternative Execution Strategies
  - 23.5.1 Pipelining
  - 23.5.2 Linear Trees
  - 23.5.3 Physical Operators and Execution Strategies
  - 23.5.4 Reducing the Search Space
  - 23.5.5 Enumerating Left-Deep Trees
  - 23.5.6 Semantic Query Optimization
  - 23.5.7 Alternative Approaches to Query Optimization
  - 23.5.8 Distributed Query Optimization
- 23.6 Query Processing and Optimization
  - 23.6.1 New Index Types
- 23.7 Query Optimization in Oracle
  - 23.7.1 Rule-Based and Cost-Based Optimization
  - 23.7.2 Histograms
  - 23.7.3 Viewing the Execution Plan

Chapter 24 Distributed DBMSs–Concepts and Design
- 24.1 Introduction
  - 24.1.1 Concepts
  - 24.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of DDBMSs
  - 24.1.3 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous DDBMSs
- 24.2 Overview of Networking
- 24.3 Functions and Architectures of a DDBMS
  - 24.3.1 Functions of a DDBMS
  - 24.3.2 Reference Architecture for a DDBMS
  - 24.3.3 Reference Architecture for a Federated MDBS
  - 24.3.4 Component Architecture for a DDBMS
- 24.4 Distributed Relational Database Design
  - 24.4.1 Data Allocation
  - 24.4.2 Fragmentation

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Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management, 6th edition

Learn more, spend less

Table of Contents

Part 1 Background

Part 2 The Relational Model and Languages

Part 3 Database Analysis and Design

Part 4 Methodology

Part 5 Selected Database Issues

Part 6 Distributed DBMSs and Replication

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