Gift of Fire, A: Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues for Computing Technology, 5th edition

1. Unwrapping the Gift
   • 1.1 The Pace of Change
   • 1.2 Change and Unexpected Developments
     • 1.2.1 Self-Driving Vehicles
     • 1.2.2 Connections: Mobile Phones, Social Networking, and the Internet of Things
     • 1.2.3 E-commerce and Free Stuff
     • 1.2.4 Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Sensors, and Motion
     • 1.2.5 Tools for Disabled People
   • 1.3 Themes
   • 1.4 Ethics
     • 1.4.1 What is Ethics, Anyway?
     • 1.4.2 A Variety of Ethical Views
     • 1.4.3 Some Important Distinctions
2. Privacy
   • 2.1 Privacy Risks and Principles
     • 2.1.1 What Is Privacy?
     • 2.1.2 New Technology, New Risks
     • 2.1.3 Terminology and Principles for Managing Personal Data
   • 2.2 The Business and Social Sectors
     • 2.2.1 Marketing and Personalization
     • 2.2.2 Our Social and Personal Activity
     • 2.2.3 Location Tracking
     • 2.2.4 A Right to Be Forgotten
   • 2.3 The Fourth Amendment and Changing Technology
     • 2.3.1 The Fourth Amendment
     • 2.3.2 Background, Law, and Court Decisions
     • 2.3.3 Applying the Fourth Amendment in New Areas
   • 2.4 Government Systems
     • 2.4.1 Video Surveillance and Face Recognition
     • 2.4.2 Databases
     • 2.4.3 Public Records: Access versus Privacy
     • 2.4.4 National ID Systems
     • 2.4.5 The NSA and Secret Intelligence Gathering
   • 2.5 Protecting Privacy: Technology and Markets
     • 2.5.1 Developing Privacy Tools
     • 2.5.2 Encryption
     • 2.5.3 Blocking Ads
     • 2.5.4 Policies for Protecting Personal Data
   • 2.6 Protecting Privacy: Theory, Rights, and Laws
     • 2.6.1 A Right to Privacy
     • 2.6.2 Law and Regulation
     • 2.6.3 Contrasting Viewpoints
   • 2.7 Privacy Regulations in the European Union
3. Freedom of Speech
   • 3.1 The First Amendment and Communications Paradigms
     • 3.1.1 Free Speech Principles
     • 3.1.2 Regulating Communications Media
   • 3.2 Controlling Speech in Cyberspace
     • 3.2.1 What Is O ensive Speech? What Is Illegal?
     • 3.2.2 Censorship Laws and Alternatives
     • 3.2.3 Child Pornography and Sexting
     • 3.2.4 Spam
     • 3.2.5 Challenging Old Regulatory Structures and Special Interests
   • 3.3 Decisions about Legal but Objectionable Content
   • 3.4 Leaking Sensitive Material
   • 3.5 Anonymity
   • 3.6 The Global Net: Censorship and Political Freedom
     • 3.6.1 Tools for Communication, Tools for Oppression
     • 3.6.2 Aiding Foreign Censors and Repressive Regimes
     • 3.6.3 Shutting Down Communications in Free Countries
   • 3.7 Net Neutrality: Regulations or the Market?
4. Intellectual Property
   • 4.1 Principles and Laws
     • 4.1.1 What Is Intellectual Property?
     • 4.1.2 Challenges of New Technologies
     • 4.1.3 A Bit of History
     • 4.1.4 The Fair Use Doctrine
     • 4.1.5 Ethical Arguments About Copying
   • 4.2 Signi cant Fair Use Cases and Precedents
     • 4.2.1 Sony v. Universal City Studios (1984)
     • 4.2.2 Reverse Engineering: Game Machines
     • 4.2.3 Sharing Music: The Napster and Grokster Cases
     • 4.2.4 User and Programmer Interfaces
   • 4.3 Responses to Copyright Infringement
     • 4.3.1 Defensive and Aggressive Responses from the Content Industries
     • 4.3.2 The Digital Millennium Copyright Act: Anti Circumvention
     • 4.3.3 The Digital Millennium Copyright Act: Safe Harbor
     • 4.3.4 Evolving Business Models
   • 4.4 Search Engines and Online Libraries
   • 4.5 Free Software
     • 4.5.1 What Is Free Software?
     • 4.5.2 Should All Software Be Free?
   • 4.6 Patents for Software Inventions
     • 4.6.1 Patent Trends, Confusion, and Controversies
     • 4.6.2 To Patent or Not?
5. Crime and Security
   • 5.1 Introduction
   • 5.2 What is Hacking?
     • 5.2.1 The Evolution of Hacking
     • 5.2.2 Hacker Tools
     • 5.2.3 Is “Harmless” Hacking Harmless?
   • 5.3 Some Speci c Applications of Hacking
     • 5.3.1 Identity Theft
     • 5.3.2 Case Study: The Target Breach
     • 5.3.3 Hacktivism, or Political Hacking
     • 5.3.4 Hacking by Governments
   • 5.4 Why Is the Digital World So Vulnerable?
     • 5.4.1 Vulnerability of Operating Systems and the Internet
     • 5.4.2 Human Nature, Markets, and Vulnerability of the Internet of Things
   • 5.5 Security
     • 5.5.1 Tools to Help Protect the Digital World
     • 5.5.2 People Who Can Help Protect the Digital World
     • 5.5.3 Hacking to Improve Security
     • 5.5.4 Backdoors for Law Enforcement
   • 5.6 The Law
     • 5.6.1 The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
     • 5.6.2 Criminalize Virus Writing and Hacker Tools?
     • 5.6.3 Penalties for Young Hackers
   • 5.7 Whose Laws Rule the Web?
     • 5.7.1 A Crime in One Country but Not Another
     • 5.7.2 Libel and Freedom of Speech
     • 5.7.3 Culture, Law, and Ethics
     • 5.7.4 Potential Solutions
6. Work
   • 6.1 Fears and Questions
   • 6.2 Impacts on Employment
     • 6.2.1 Job Destruction and Creation
     • 6.2.2 Changing Skills and Skill Levels
     • 6.2.3 Are We Earning Less and Working More?
   • 6.3 Changing Work Patterns: From Telecommuting to Gigs
     • 6.3.1 Telecommuting
     • 6.3.2 The Sharing Economy, On-Demand Services, and GIG Work
   • 6.4 A Global Workforce
   • 6.5 Employee Communication and Monitoring by Employers
     • 6.5.1 Social Media Content
     • 6.5.2 Separating–or Merging–Work and Personal Systems
     • 6.5.3 Monitoring Employer Systems and Tracking Employees
7. Evaluating and Controlling Technology
   • 7.1 Evaluating Information
     • 7.1.1 The Need for Responsible Judgment
     • 7.1.2 Computer Models
   • 7.2 Neo-Luddite Views of Computers, Technology, and Quality of Life
     • 7.2.1 Criticisms of Computing Technologies
     • 7.2.2 Views of Economics, Nature, and Human Needs
   • 7.3 Digital Divides
     • 7.3.1 Trends in Access in the United States
     • 7.3.2 Reaching the Next Billion Users
   • 7.4 Control of Our Devices and Data
     • 7.4.1 Remote Deletion of Software and Data
     • 7.4.2 Automatic Software Upgrades
   • 7.5 Making Decisions About Technology
     • 7.5.1 Questions
     • 7.5.2 The Di culty of Prediction
     • 7.5.3 Intelligent Machines and Super-intelligent Humans–Or the End of the Human Race?
     • 7.5.4 A Few Observations
8. Errors, Failures, and Risks
   • 8.1 Failures and Errors in Computer Systems
     • 8.1.1 An Overview
     • 8.1.2 Problems For Individuals
     • 8.1.3 System Failures
     • 8.1.4 Example: Stalled Airports at Denver, Hong Kong, and Malaysia
     • 8.1.5 Example: HealthCare.gov
     • 8.1.6 What Goes Wrong?
     • 8.1.7 Problems For Individuals
   • 8.2 Case Study:The Therac-25
     • 8.2.1 Therac-25 Radiation Overdoses
     • 8.2.2 Software and Design Problems
     • 8.2.3 Why So Many Incidents?
     • 8.2.4 Observations and Perspective
   • 8.3 Increasing Reliability and Safety
     • 8.3.1 Professional Techniques
     • 8.3.2 Trust the Human or the Computer System?
     • 8.3.3 Law, Regulation, and Markets
   • 8.4 Dependence, Risk, and Progress
     • 8.4.1 Are We Too Dependent on Computers?
     • 8.4.2 Risk and Progress
9. Professional Ethics and Responsibilities
   • 9.1 What Is “Professional Ethics”?
   • 9.2 Ethical Guidelines for Computer Professionals
     • 9.2.1 Special Aspects of Professional Ethics
     • 9.2.2 Professional Codes of Ethics
     • 9.2.3 Guidelines and Professional Responsibilities
   • 9.3 Scenarios
     • 9.3.1 Introduction and Methodology
     • 9.3.2 Protecting Personal Data
     • 9.3.3 Designing an Application with Targeted Ads
     • 9.3.4 Webcams in School Laptops
     • 9.3.5 Publishing Security Vulnerabilities
     • 9.3.6 Specifications
     • 9.3.7 Schedule Pressures
     • 9.3.8 Software License Violation
     • 9.3.9 Going Public with Safety Concerns
     • 9.3.10 Release of Personal Information
     • 9.3.11 Conflict of Interest
     • 9.3.12 Kickbacks and Disclosure
     • 9.3.13 A Test Plan
     • 9.3.14 Artificial Intelligence and Sentencing Criminals
     • 9.3.15 A Gracious Host

Epilogue

The Software Engineering Code and the ACM Code

A.1. Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice

A.2. ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct

Index