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VHDL for Engineers, 1st edition

Published by Pearson (April 9, 2008) © 2009

  • Kenneth L. Short University of New York-Stony Brook

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Suitable for use in a one- or two-semester course for computer and electrical engineering majors.

VHDL for Engineers teaches readers how to design and simulate digital systems using the hardware description language, VHDL. These systems are designed for implementation using programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs) and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The book focuses on writing VHDL design descriptions and VHDL testbenches. The steps in VHDL/PLD design methodology are also a key focus. Short presents the complex VHDL language in a logical manner, introducing concepts in an order that allows the readers to begin producing synthesizable designs as soon as possible.

  • Logical Progression - Readers can begin producing synthesizable designs quickly because mastery of the VHDL language and usage progresses in step-wise fashion from simple to complex.
  • Streamlined Coverage - VHDL constructs that are not useful for writing synthesizable design descriptions or testbenches are not covered in the text.
  • Focus on Methodology - Design methodology and examples presented in the book are independent of any particular set of VHDL software tools or target PDL devices, to ensure that concepts are the focus. As a nonproprietary standard, VHDL designs are portable to other vendors' software tools and/or PLDs.
  • Design Flow - Focus on the design flow in the VHDL/PLD design methodology is used in each step.
  • Applied Learning - More then 275 block diagrams, logic diagrams, and timing waveforms and 180+ program listings illustrate the design concepts, cementing the VHDL/PLD design methodology.
  • Professional Standards - Programming examples are compliant with the IEEE standard 1076-2002 for simulation and the IEEE standard 1076.6-2004 for synthesis.
  • Student Software - Aldec Active-HDLâ„¢ 7.2 Student Edition Software, an ideal design and simulation environment for learning VHDL, is packaged with each text.
  • This text also establishes a useful starting point for VHDL- based application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) design. Similar processes are used to synthesize and test PLDs and to synthesize and test ASICs.

Preface

1 Digital Design Using VHDL and PLDs 1

1.1

VHDL/PLD Design Methodology 1

1.2

Requirements Analysis and Specification 5

1.3

VHDL Design Description 6

1.4

Verification Using Simulation 11

1.5

Testbenches 13

1.6

Functional (Behavioral) Simulation 16

1.7

Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) 18

1.8

SPLDs and the 22V10 21

1.9

Logic Synthesis for the Target PLD 27

1.10

Place-and-Route and Timing Simulation 31

1.11

Programming and Verifying a Target PLD 37

1.12

VHDL/PLD Design Methodology Advantages 38

1.13

VHDL’s Development 39

1.14

VHDL for Synthesis versus VHDL for Simulation 39

1.15

This Book’s Primary Objective 40

 

2 Entities , Architectures , and Coding Styles 44

2.1 Design Units, Library Units, and Design Entities 44

2.2

Entity Declaration 45

2.3

VHDL Syntax Definitions 47

2.4

Port Modes 50

2.5

Architecture Body 53

2.6

Coding Styles 55

2.7

Synthesis Results versus Coding Style 66

2.8

Levels of Abstraction and Synthesis 69

2.9

Design Hierarchy and Structural Style 71

 

3 Signals and Data Types 82

3.1

Object Classes and Object Types 82

3.2

Signal Objects 84

3.3

Scalar Types 88

3.4

Type Std_Logic 93

3.5

Scalar Literals and Scalar Constants 99

3.6

Composite Types 100

3.7

Arrays 101

3.8

Types Unsigned and Signed 107

3.9

Composite Literals and Composite Constants 110

3.10

Integer Types 112

3.11

Port Types for Synthesis 116

3.12

Operators and Expressions 118

 

4 Dataf low Style Combinational Design 123

4.1

Logical Operators 123

4.2

Signal Assignments in Dataflow Style Architectures 127

4.3

Selected Signal Assignment 130

4.4

Type Boolean and the Relational Operators 132

4.5

Conditional Signal Assignment 134

4.6

Priority Encoders 139

4.7

Don’t Care Inputs and Outputs 140

4.8

Decoders 144

4.9

Table Lookup 147

4.10

Three-state Buffers 151

4.11

Avoiding Combinational Loops 155

 

5 Behavi oral Style Combinational Design 165

5.1 Behavioral Style Architecture 165

5.2

Process Statement 169

5.3

Sequential Statements 170

5.4

Case Statement 171

5.5

If Statement 176

5.6

Loop Statement 181

5.7

Variables 185

5.8

Parity Detector Example 188

5.9

Synthesis of Processes Describing Combinational Systems 193

 

6 Event-Driven Simulation 201

6.1

Simulator Approaches 201

6.2

Elaboration 203

6.3

Signal Drivers 208

6.4

Simulator Kernel Process 210

6.5

Simulation Initialization 212

6.6

Simulation Cycles 215

6.7

Signals versus Variables 223

6.8

Delta Delays 230

6.9

Delta Delays and Combinational Feedback 235

6.10

Multiple Drivers 239

6.11

Signal Attributes 241

 

7 Testbenche s for Combinational Designs 251

7.1

Design Verification 251

7.2

Functional Verification of Combinational Designs 255

7.3

A Simple Testbench 255

7.4

Physical Types 258

7.5

Single Process Testbench 260

7.6

Wait Statements 263

7.7

Assertion and Report Statements 265

7.8

Records and Table Lookup Testbenches 268

7.9

Testbenches That Compute Stimulus and Expected Results 272

7.10

Predefined Shift Operators 274

7.11

Stimulus Order Based on UUT Functionality 276

7.12

Comparing a UUT to a Behavioral Intent Model 279

7.13

Code Coverage and Branch Coverage 281

7.14

Post-Synthesis and Timing Verifications for Combinational

Designs 284

7.15

Timing Models Using VITAL and SDF 288

 

8 Latches and Flip - flops 304

8.1

Sequential Systems and Their Memory Elements 304

8.2

D Latch 308

8.3

Detecting Clock Edges 315

8.4

D Flip-flops 317

8.5

Enabled (Gated) Flip-flop 324

8.6

Other Flip-flop Types 328

8.7

PLD Primitive Memory Elements 331

8.8

Timing Requirements and Synchronous Input Data 332

 

9 MultibitLatches, Registers, Counters,

and Memory 337

9.1

Multibit Latches and Registers 337

9.2

Shift Registers 340

9.3

Shift Register Counters 346

9.4

Counters 348

9.5

Detecting Non-clock Signal Edges 360

9.6

Microprocessor Compatible Pulse Width Modulated Signal

Generator 366

9.7

Memories 370

 

10 Finite State Machines 380

10.1

Finite State Machines 380

10.2

FSM State Diagrams 386

10.3

Three Process FSM VHDL Template 388

10.4

State Diagram Development 392

10.5

Decoder for an Optical Shaft Encoder 403

10.6

State Encoding and State Assignment 409

10.7

Supposedly Safe FSMs 414

10.8

Inhibit Logic FSM Example 418

10.9

Counters as Moore FSMs 422

 

11 ASM Charts and RTL Design 431

11.1

Algorithmic State Machine Charts 431

11.2

Converting ASM Charts to VHDL 43

11.3

System Architecture 441

11.4

Successive Approximation Register Design Example 445

11.5

Sequential Multiplier Design 457

 

12 Subprograms 469

12.1

Subprograms 469

12.2

Functions 473

12.3

Procedures 480

12.4

Array Attributes and Unconstrained Arrays 484

12.5

Overloading Subprograms and Operators 491

12.6

Type Conversions 494

 

13 Packages 501

13.1

Packages and Package Bodies 501

13.2

Standard and De Facto Standard Packages 505

13.3

Package STD_LOGIC_1164 510

13.4

Package NUMERIC_STD (IEEE Std 1076.3) 516

13.5

Package STD_LOGIC_ARITH 523

13.6

Packages for VHDL Text Output 524

 

14 Testbenches for Sequential Systems 526

14.1

Simple Sequential Testbenches 526

14.2

Generating a System Clock 527

14.3

Generating the System Reset 531

14.4

Synchronizing Stimulus Generation and Monitoring 532

14.5

Testbench for Successive Approximation Register 538

14.6

Determining a Testbench Stimulus for a Sequential System 542

14.7

Using Procedures for Stimulus Generation 545

14.8

Output Verification in Stimulus Procedures 550

14.9

Bus Functional Models 552

14.10

Response Monitors 560

 

15 Modular Design and Hierarchy 566

15.1

Modular Design, Partitioning, and Hierarchy 566

15.2

Design Units and Library Units 571

15.3

Design Libraries 573

15.4

Using Library Units 574

15.5

Direct Design Entity Instantiation 577

15.6

Components and Indirect Design Entity Instantiation 580

15.7 Configuration Declarations 587

15.8

Component Connections 594

15.9

Parameterized Design Entities 598

15.10

Library of Parameterized Modules (LPM) 602

15.11

Generate Statement 605

 

16 More Design Examples 615

16.1

Microprocessor Compatible Quadrature

Decoder/Counter Design 615

16.2

Verification of Quadrature Decoder/Counter 624

16.3

Parameterized Quadrature Decoder/Counter 628

16.4

Electronic Safe Design 630

16.5

Verification of Electronic Safe 644

16.6

Encoder for RF Transmitter Design 649

 

Appendix VHDL Attributes 659

Bibliography 663

Index

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