Little, Brown Handbook, The, 14th edition

I: The Process of Writing

1. Assessing the Writing Situation
   • 1.1 How Writing Happens
   • 1.2 The Writing Situation
   • 1.3 Audience
   • 1.4 Purpose
   • 1.5 Subject
   • 1.6 Genre and Medium
2. Discovering and Shaping Ideas
   • 2.1 Invention
   • 2.2 Thesis
   • 2.3 Organization
     • Sample Informative Essay
3. Drafting, Revising, and Editing
   • 3.1 First Draft
     • Sample First Draft
   • 3.2 Revising
   • 3.3 Peer Review
   • 3.4 Sample Revision
     • Sample Revised Draft
   • 3.5 Editing
   • 3.6 Final Draft
     • Sample Final Draft
4. Writing and Revising Paragraphs
   • 4.1 Flow
   • 4.2 Unity
   • 4.3 Coherence
   • 4.4 Development
   • 4.5 Introductions, Conclusions, and Transitions
5. Presenting Writing
   • 5.1 Academic Writing
   • 5.2 Visuals and Media
   • 5.3 Writing Online
     • Sample Literacy Narrative Blog Post
   • 5.4 Oral Presentations
     • Sample Presentation Slides
   • 5.5 Portfolios

II: Reading and Writing in and out of College

6. Writing in Academic Situations
   • 6.1 Purpose and Audience
   • 6.2 Genre
   • 6.3 Writing with Sources
   • 6.4 Academic Language
   • 6.5 Communication in Academic Settings
7. Critical Reading and Writing
   • 7.1 Critical Thinking
   • 7.2 Techniques of Critical Reading
   • 7.3 Summarizing
   • 7.4 Critical Response
   • 7.5 Visual Analysis
   • 7.6 Writing a Critical Analysis
   • 7.7 Sample Critical Responses
     • Sample Critical Analysis of a Text
     • Sample Critical Analysis of a Visual
8. Reading Arguments Critically
   • 8.1 The Elements of Argument
   • 8.2 Claims
   • 8.3 Evidence
   • 8.4 Reliability
   • 8.5 Assumptions
   • 8.6 Language and Tone
   • 8.7 Fallacies
   • 8.8 Visual Arguments
9. Writing an Argument
   • 9.1 Subject
   • 9.2 Thesis, Purpose, and Audience
   • 9.3 Reasoning
   • 9.4 Evidence
   • 9.5 Engaging Readers
   • 9.6 Organizing and Revising
   • 9.7 Sample Argument
     • Sample Proposal Argument
10. Taking Essay Exams
    • 10.1 Preparing
    • 10.2 Planning
    • 10.3 Writing
      • Sample Essay Exam Answer
11. Public Writing
    • 11.1 Social Media
    • 11.2 Letters and Memos
      • Sample Business Letter
      • Sample Memo
    • 11.3 Job Applications
      • Sample Job Application Letter
      • Sample Résumés
    • 11.4 Reports and Proposals
      • Sample Report and Proposal
    • 11.5 Community Service
      • Sample Social-Media Post

III: Grammatical Sentences

12. Understanding Sentence Grammar
    • 12.1 Sentence Basics
    • 12.2 Sentence Patterns
    • 12.3 Single-Word Modifiers
    • 12.4 Word Groups
    • 12.5 Compound Constructions
    • 12.6 Inverted Order
    • 12.7 Sentence Types
13. Case of Nouns and Pronouns
    • 13.1 Subjective, Objective, and Possessive Cases
    • 13.2 Compound Subjects and Objects
    • 13.3 Common Questions about Case
14. Verbs
    • 14.1 Verb Forms
    • 14.2 Easily Confused Verb Forms
    • 14.3 Verb Endings
    • 14.4 Helping Verbs
    • 14.5 Verbs with Gerunds and Infinitives
    • 14.6 Verbs with Particles
    • 14.7 Verb Tenses
    • 14.8 Sequence of Tenses
    • 14.9 Subjunctive Mood
    • 14.10 Active and Passive Voice
15. Agreement
    • 15.1 Subject-Verb Agreement
    • 15.2 Unusual Word Order
    • 15.3 Subjects Joined by Conjunctions
    • 15.4 Indefinite and Relative Pronouns
    • 15.5 Collective and Plural Nouns
    • 15.6 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
16. Adjectives and Adverbs
    • 16.1 Functions of Adjectives and Adverbs
    • 16.2 Comparative and Superlative Forms
    • 16.3 Double Negatives
    • 16.4 Nouns as Modifiers
    • 16.5 Determiners

IV: Clear Sentences

17. Sentence Fragments
    • 17.1 Identifying Fragments
    • 17.2 Correcting Fragments
    • 17.3 Common Types of Fragments
    • 17.4 Acceptable Fragments
18. Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
    • 18.1 Identifying Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
    • 18.2 Correcting Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
19. Pronoun Reference
    • 19.1 Clear Reference
    • 19.2 Close Reference
    • 19.3 Specific Reference
    • 19.4 Appropriate You, Who, Which, and That
20. Shifts
    • 20.1 Types of Shifts
    • 20.2 Person and Number
    • 20.3 Tense and Mood
    • 20.4 Subject and Voice
    • 20.5 Direct and Indirect Quotations and Questions
21. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
    • 21.1 Clear Placement
    • 21.2 Limiting Modifiers
    • 21.3 Squinting Modifiers
    • 21.4 Separated Subjects, Verbs, and Objects
    • 21.5 Separated Infinitives and Verb Phrases
    • 21.6 Position of Adverbs
    • 21.7 Order of Adjectives
    • 21.8 Dangling Modifiers
22. Mixed and Incomplete Sentences
    • 22.1 Mixed Grammar
    • 22.2 Mixed Meaning
    • 22.3 Incomplete Compounds
    • 22.4 Incomplete Comparisons
    • 22.5 Careless Omissions

V: Effective Sentences

23. Emphasizing Ideas
    • 23.1 Subjects and Verbs
    • 23.2 Subject Beginnings and Endings
    • 23.3 Parallel Elements
    • 23.4 Repetition and Separation
    • 23.5 Conciseness
24. Using Coordination and Subordination
    • 24.1 Coordination
    • 24.2 Subordination
    • 24.3 Connecting Words
25. Using Parallelism
    • 25.1 Understanding Parallelism
    • 25.2 Equal Elements
    • 25.3 Coherence
26. Achieving Variety
    • 26.1 Sentence Length and Structure
    • 26.2 Sentence Beginnings
    • 26.3 Word Order

VI: Punctuation

• Chart: Commas, Semicolons, Colons, Dashes, and Parentheses

27. End Punctuation
    • 27.1 Period
    • 27.2 Question Mark
    • 27.3 Exclamation Point
28. The Comma
    • 28.1 Uses of the Comma
    • 28.2 Main Clauses Linked by Conjunctions
    • 28.3 Introductory Elements
    • 28.4 Nonessential Elements
    • 28.5 Series and Coordinate Adjectives
    • 28.6 Quotations and Other Conventional Uses
    • 28.7 Unnecessary Commas
29. The Semicolon
    • 29.1 Main Clauses without Coordinating Conjunctions
    • 29.2 Main Clauses with Transitional Words
    • 29.3 Main Clauses That Are Long or Contain Commas
    • 29.4 Items in a Series
    • 29.5 Unnecessary Semicolons
30. The Apostrophe
    • 30.1 Possession
    • 30.2 Contractions and Abbreviations
    • 31 Quotation Marks
    • 31.1 Direct Quotations
    • 31.2 Titles of Works
    • 31.3 Words Used in a Special Sense
    • 31.4 With Other Punctuation
31. Other Punctuation Marks
    • 32.1 Colon
    • 32.2 Dash
    • 32.3 Parentheses
    • 32.4 Brackets
    • 32.5 Ellipsis Mark
    • 32.6 Slash

VII: Mechanics

33. Capitals
    • 33.1 Conventions
    • 33.2 First Word of Sentence
    • 33.3 Titles and Subtitles
    • 33.4 Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives
34. Italics or Underlining
    • 34.1 Titles of Works
    • 34.2 Foreign Words and for Emphasis
35. Abbreviations
    • 35.1 Abbreviations in Nontechnical Writing
    • 35.2 Misuses of Abbreviations
36. Numbers
    • 36.1 Numerals and Words
    • 36.2 Dates and Addresses

VIII: Effective Words

37. Using Appropriate Language
    • 37.1 Standard English
    • 37.2 Texting and Electronic Shortcuts
    • 37.3 Slang, Colloquialisms, Regionalisms, and Jargon
    • 37.4 Indirect or Pretentious Writing
    • 37.5 Sexist and Biased Language
38. Using Exact Language
    • 38.1 Dictionary, Thesaurus, and Spelling Checker
    • 38.2 Denotation and Connotation
    • 38.3 Abstract and Concrete Words
    • 38.4 Idioms
    • 38.5 Figurative Language
    • 38.6 Trite Expressions
39. Writing Concisely
    • 39.1 Achieving Conciseness
    • 39.2 Subjects and Verbs
    • 39.3 Empty Words and Phrases
    • 39.4 Unnecessary Repetition
    • 39.5 Other Strategies
40. Spelling and the Hyphen
    • 40.1 Common Spelling Problems
    • 40.2 Spelling Rules
    • 40.3 Spelling Skills
    • 40.4 Hyphenating Words

IX: Research Writing

41. Planning a Research Project
    • 41.1 The Process of Research Writing
    • 41.2 Research Questions
    • 41.3 Research Strategies
    • 41.4 Working Bibliographies
      • Sample Annotated Bibliography Entry
42. Finding Sources
    • 42.1 Search Strategies
    • 42.2 Reference Works
    • 42.3 Books and Periodicals
    • 42.4 Web Search Strategies
    • 42.5 Social Media
    • 42.6 Government Publications
    • 42.7 Visuals and Media
    • 42.8 Primary Research
43. Working with Sources
    • 43.1 Interacting with Sources
      • Sample Annotated Source
    • 43.2 Evaluating Sources
    • 43.3 Synthesizing Sources
    • 43.4 Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation
    • 43.5 Integrating Sources
44. Avoiding Plagiarism
    • 44.1 Defining Plagiarism
    • 44.2 Information You Do Not Need to Cite
    • 44.3 Information You Must Cite
    • 44.4 Documenting Sources
    • 44.5 Copyright and Permissions
45. Writing the Paper
    • 45.1 Developing a Thesis
    • 45.2 Organizing Your Ideas
    • 45.3 Drafting a Research Paper
    • 45.4 Revising and Editing
    • 45.5 Preparing a Final Draft
46. Using MLA Documentation and Format
    • 46.1 In-text Citations
    • 46.2 List of Works Cited
    • 46.3 MLA Paper Format
47. Two Research Papers in MLA Style
    • 47.1 Sample Research Paper in MLA Style
      • “The Dream of Sustainable Agriculture”
    • 47.2 Sample Literary Research Paper in MLA Style
      • “Intersecting Race and Gender in Angelia Weld Grimké’s Rachel”

X: Writing in the Academic Disciplines

48. Reading and Writing about Literature
    • 48.1 The Methods of Literary Analysis
    • 48.2 Writing Assignments in Literature
    • 48.3 The Tools and Language of Literary Analysis
    • 48.4 Citing Sources When Writing about Literature
    • 48.5 Writing a Literary Analysis
      • Sample Literary Analysis
49. Writing in Other Humanities
    • 49.1 Methods and Evidence
    • 49.2 Common Writing Assignments
    • 49.3 Tools and Language
    • 49.4 Documenting Sources
    • 49.5 Paper Format
50. Writing in the Social Sciences
    • 50.1 Common Genres in the Social Sciences
    • 50.2 Research Conventions in the Social Sciences
    • 50.3 In-text Citations in APA Style
    • 50.4 References in APA Style
    • 50.5 Research Paper Format in APA Style
    • 50.6 Sample Research Paper in APA Style
      • “Perceptions of Mental Illness on College Campuses”
51. Writing in the Natural and Applied Sciences
    • 51.1 Methods and Evidence
    • 51.2 Common Writing Assignments
    • 51.3 Tools and Language
    • 51.4 CSE Style
    • 51.5 Paper Format
    • 51.6 Sample Paper
      • “Caterpillar Defense Mechanisms”