CHAPTER 1Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The Linguistic Perspective
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Why Should Teachers Study Linguistics?
What is the Linguistic Perspective?
What is Linguistics?
What Do Linguists Do?
Goals of the Book
Discussion of Exercises
Suggested Projects
Further Reading
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CHAPTER 2Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Foundations of Linguistics: Phonetics
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Oral vs. Written Language
Consonants
Vowels
Approximants
Phonetic Spelling and the English Alphabet
Discussion of Exercises
Suggested Projects
Further Reading
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CHAPTER 3Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Foundations of Linguistics: Phonology and Morphology
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Phonology
Morphology
Discussion of Exercises
Suggested Projects
Further Reading
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CHAPTER 4Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Syntax and Grammar Teaching
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Word Classes
Constituent Structure
Other Syntactic Knowledge
    Linear Order
    Agreement
    Sentence Nesting
    Traditional Grammar
Grammar Teaching Revisited
Teaching Usage
Discussion of Exercises
Suggested Projects
Further Reading
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CHAPTER 5Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Language Change and Variation
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Language Change
History of English
    Overview
    Old English
    Middle English
    Modern English
Mechanisms of Change
    Vocabulary
    Phonology
    Morphology and Syntax
Regional Variation
    Overview
    Examples
Sociolinguistic Variation
Dialect and Ethnic Identity
    African American Vernacular English
    Other Ethnic Dialects
Attitudes toward Dialect Differences
Language and Gender
Discussion of Exercises
Suggested Projects
Further Reading
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CHAPTER 6Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The Written Word
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Writing Systems
Background of English Orthography
What English Spelling Represents
Spelling Reform
Other Writing Conventions
Reading
Discussion of Exercises
Suggested Projects
Further Reading
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CHAPTER 7Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Using Language in Context
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Pragmatics
Conversational Intent: How Do You Know What Someone Really Means?
    Disambiguating Ambiguity
    Discourse Function
Conversational Appropriateness
Language Choices and Social Appropriateness
Classroom Register
Discussion of Exercises
Suggested Projects
Further Reading
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CHAPTER 8Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Child Language Acquisition
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Basic Assumptions
Stages of Language Development
    Before First Words
    First Words
    Multiple Word Utterances: The Idea of Syntax
    Grammatical Morphemes: Fleshing Out the Telegram
    Later Development: Sounding Like an Adult
Learning the Meaning of Words
Acquiring Pragmatic Skills
Learning Strategies and Individual Differences
Acquisition Theory: How Do Children Do It?
Brain Structure and the Critical Age Hypothesis
Discussion of Exercises
Suggested Projects
Further Reading
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CHAPTER 9Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Language Disorders and Impairment
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Hearing Impairment
Visual Impairment
Cognitive Impairment
Some Theoretical Questions
    What is the Relationship between Language and Cognition?
    What is the Relationship between Language and Speech?
    Is There a Critical Age for Language Acquisition?
Discussion of Exercises
Suggested Projects
Further Reading
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CHAPTER 10Â Â Â Â Â Â Language Planning and Policy
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Language Planning and Policy around the World
Choosing a National Language
Dominant vs. Minority Languages
Responses to Minority Dialects of English in the United States
Educational Policy and Minority Dialects
Educational Policy and Bilingualism
The English-Only Movement
Discussion of Exercises
Suggested Projects
Further Reading
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CHAPTER 11Â Â Â Â Â Â Linguistics and Literacy
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What Do We Mean by "Literacy"?
Elements of Literacy
The Beginnings of Reading and Writing
Decontextualized Language
Construction of Discourse
Metalanguage: Becoming Aware of Language
Linguistics and Literacy: Reflections
Discussion of Exercises
Suggested Projects
Further Reading
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GLOSSARY
