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Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, An, 2nd edition

Published by Pearson (July 14, 2021) © 2011

  • Robert D Holtz University of Washington
  • William D. Kovacs University of Rhode Island
  • Thomas C. Sheahan
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Intended for use in the first of a two course sequence in geotechnical engineering usually taught to third- and fourth-year undergraduate civil engineering students.
An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering offers a descriptive, elementary introduction to geotechnical engineering with applications to civil engineering practice.

Table of Contents

  • Chapter 1 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering
    • 1.1 Geotechnical Engineering
    • 1.2 The Unique Nature of Soil and Rock Materials
    • 1.3 Scope of This Book
    • 1.4 Historical Development of Geotechnical Engineering
    • 1.5 Suggested Approach to the Study of Geotechnical Engineering
    • 1.6 Notes on Symbols and Units
    • 1.7 Some Comments on How to Study in General
    • Problems
  • Chapter 2 Index and Classification Properties of Soils
    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 Basic Definitions and Phase Relations for Soils
    • 2.3 Solution of Phase Problems
      • 2.3.1 Submerged or Buoyant Density
      • 2.3.2 Unit Weight and Specific Gravity
    • 2.4 Soil Texture
    • 2.5 Grain Size and Grain Size Distribution
    • 2.6 Particle Shape
    • 2.7 Atterberg Limits
      • 2.7.1 Cone Liquid Limit
      • 2.7.2 One Point Liquid Limit Test
      • 2.7.3 Additional Comments on the Atterberg Limits
    • 2.8 Introduction To Soil Classification
    • 2.9 Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
      • 2.9.1 Visual-Manual Classification of Soils
      • 2.9.2 What Else Can We Get From The LI-PI Chart?
      • 2.9.3 Limitations of the USCS
    • 2.10 AASHTO Soil Classification System
    • Problems
  • Chapter 3 Geology, Landforms, and the Origin of Geo-Materials
    • 3.1 Importance of Geology to Geotechnical Engineering
      • 3.1.1 Geology
      • 3.1.2 Geomorphology
      • 3.1.3 Engineering Geology
    • 3.2 The Earth, Minerals, Rocks, and Rock Structure
      • 3.2.1 The Earth
      • 3.2.2 Minerals
      • 3.2.3. Rocks
      • 3.2.4. Rock Structure
    • 3.3 Geologic Processes and Landforms
      • 3.3.1 Geologic Processes and the Origin of Earthen Materials
      • 3.3.2 Weathering
      • 3.3.3. Gravity Processes
      • 3.3.4. Surface Water Processes
      • 3.3.5 Ice Processes and Glaciation
      • 3.3.6 Wind Processes
      • 3.3.7 Volcanic Processes
      • 3.3.8 Groundwater Processes
      • 3.3.9 Tectonic Processes
      • 3.3.10 Plutonic Processes
    • 3.4 Sources of Geologic Information
    • Problems
  • Chapter 4 Clay Minerals, Soil and Rock Structures, and Rock Classification
    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Products of Weathering
    • 4.3 Clay Minerals
      • 4.3.1 The 1:1 Clay Minerals
      • 4.3.2 The 2:1 Clay Minerals
      • 4.3.3 Other Clay Minerals
    • 4.4 Identification of Clay Minerals And Activity
    • 4.5 Specific Surface
    • 4.6 Interaction between Water and Clay Minerals
      • 4.6.1 Hydration of Clay Minerals and the Diffuse Double Layer
      • 4.6.2 Exchangeable Cations and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
    • 4.7 Interaction of Clay Particles
    • 4.8 Soil Structure and Fabric of Fine Grained Soils
      • 4.8.1 Fabrics of Fine Grained Soils
      • 4.8.2 Importance of Microfabric and Macrofabric; Description Criteria
    • 4.9 Granular Soil Fabrics
    • 4.10 Soil Profiles, Soil Horizons, and Soil Taxonomy
    • 4.11 Special Soil Deposits
      • 4.11.1 Organic soils, peats, and muskeg
      • 4.11.2 Marine Soils
      • 4.11.3 Waste Materials and Contaminated Sites
    • 4.12 Transitional Materials: Hard Soils vs. Soft Rocks
    • 4.13 Properties, Macrostructure, and Classification of Rock Masses
      • 4.13.1 Properties of Rock Masses
      • 4.13.2 Discontinuities in Rock
      • 4.13.3 Rock Mass Classification Systems
    • Problems
  • Chapter 5 Compaction and Stabilization of Soils
    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Compaction and Densification
    • 5.3 Theory of Compaction for Fine-Grained Soils
      • 5.3.1 Process of Compaction
      • 5.3.2 Typical Values; Degree of Saturation
      • 5.3.3 Effect of Soil Type and Method of Compaction
    • 5.4 Structure of Compacted Fine-Grained Soils
    • 5.5 Compaction of Granular Soils
      • 5.5.1 Relative or Index Density
      • 5.5.2 Densification of Granular Deposits.
      • 5.5.3 Rock Fills
    • 5.6 Field Compaction Equipment and Procedures
      • 5.6.1 Compaction of Fine-Grained Soils
      • 5.6.2 Compaction of Granular Materials
      • 5.6.3 Compaction Equipment Summary
      • 5.6.4 Compaction of Rockfill
    • 5.7 Specifications and Compaction Control
      • 5.7.1 Specifications
      • 5.7.2 Compaction Control Tests
      • 5.7.3 Problems with Compaction Control Tests
      • 5.7.4 Most Efficient Compaction
      • 5.7.5Overcompaction
      • 5.7.6 Rockfill QA/QC
      • 5.7.7 Compaction in Trenches
    • 5.8 Estimating Performance of Compacted Soils
    • Problems
  • Chapter 6 Hydrostatic Water in Soils and Rocks
    • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.2 Capillarity
      • 6.2.1 Capillary Rise and Capillary Pressures in Soils
      • 6.2.2 Measurement of Capillarity; Soil-Water Characteristic Curve
      • 6.2.3 Other Capillary Phenomena
    • 6.3 Groundwater Table and the Vadose Zone
      • 6.3.1 Definition
      • 6.3.2 Field Determination
    • 6.4 Shrinkage Phenomena in Soils
      • 6.4.1 Capillary Tube Analogy
      • 6.4.2 Shrinkage Limit Test
      • 6.4.3 Shrinkage Properties of Compacted Clays
    • 6.5 Expansive Soils and Rocks
      • 6.5.1 Physical-Chemical Aspects
      • 6.5.2 Identification and Prediction
      • 6.5.3 Expansive Properties of Compacted Clays
      • 6.5.4 Swelling Rocks
    • 6.6 Engineering Significance of Shrinkage and Swelling
    • 6.7 Collapsible Soils and Subsidence
    • 6.8 Frost Action
      • 6.8.1 Terminology, Conditions, and Mechanisms of Frost Action
      • 6.8.2 Prediction and Identification of Frost Susceptible Soils
      • 6.8.3 Engineering Significance of Frozen Ground
    • 6.9 Intergranular or Effective Stress
    • 6.10 Vertical Stress Profiles
    • 6.11 Relationship between Horizontal and Vertical Stresses
    • Problems
  • Chapter 7 Fluid Flow in Soils and Rock
    • 7.1 Introduction
    • 7.2 Fundamentals of Fluid Flow
    • 7.3 Darcy's Law for Flow through Porous Media
    • 7.4 Measurement of Permeability or Hydraulic Conductivity
      • 7.4.1 Laboratory and Field Hydraulic Conductivity Tests
      • 7.4.2 Factors Affecting Laboratory and Field Determination of K
      • 7.4.3 Empirical Relationships and Typical Values of K
    • 7.5 Heads and One-Dimensional Flow
    • 7.6 Seepage Forces, Quicksand, and Liquefaction
      • 7.6.1 Seepage Forces, Critical Gradient, and Quicksand
      • 7.6.2 Quicksand Tank
      • 7.6.3 Liquefaction
    • 7.7 Seepage and Flow Nets: Two-Dimensional Flow
      • 7.7.1 Flow Nets
      • 7.7.2 Quantity of Flow, Uplift Pressures, and Exit Gradients
      • 7.7.3 Other Solutions to Seepage Problems
      • 7.7.4 Anisotropic and Layered Flow
    • 7.8 Seepage towards Wells
    • 7.9 Seepage through Dams and Embankments
    • 7.10 Control of Seepage and Filters
      • 7.10.1 Basic Filtration Principles
      • 7.10.2 Design of Graded Granular Filters
      • 7.10.3 Geotextile Filter Design Concepts
      • 7.10.4 FHWA Filter Design Procedure
    • Problems
  • Chapter 8 Compressibility of Soil and Rock
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 Components of Settlement
    • 8.3 Compressibility of Soils
    • 8.4 One-Dimensional Consolidation Testing
    • 8.5 Preconsolidation Pressure and Stress History
      • 8.5.1 Normal Consolidation, Overconsolidation, and Preconsolidation Pressure
      • 8.5.2 Determining the Preconsolidation Pressure
      • 8.5.3 Stress History and Preconsolidation Pressure
    • 8.6 Consolidation Behavior of Natural and Compacted Soils
    • 8.7 Settlement Calculations
      • 8.7.1 Consolidation Settlement of Normally Consolidated Soils
      • 8.7.2 Consolidation Settlement of Overconsolidated Soils
      • 8.7.3 Determining Cr and Cre
    • 8.8 Tangent Modulus Method
    • 8.9 Factors Affecting the Determination of sȼP
    • 8.10 Prediction of Field Consolidation Curves
    • 8.11 Soil Profiles
    • 8.12 Approximate Methods and Typical Values of Compression Indices
    • 8.13 Compressibility of Rock and Transitional Materials
    • 8.14 In Situ Determination f Compressibility
    • Problems
  • Chapter 9 Time Rate of Consolidation
    • 9.1 Introduction
    • 9.2 The Consolidation Process
    • 9.3 Terzaghi's One-Dimensional Consolidation Theory
      • 9.3.1 Classic Solution for the Terzaghi Consolidation Equation
      • 9.3.2 Finite Difference Solution for the Terzaghi Consolidation Equation
    • 9.4 Determination of the Coefficient of Consolidation Cv
      • 9.4.1 Casagrande's Logarithm of Time Fitting Method
      • 9.4.2 Taylor's Square Root of Time Fitting Method
    • 9.5 Determination of the Coefficient Of Permeability
    • 9.6 Typical Values of the Coefficient Of Consolidation, Cv
    • 9.7 In Situ Determination of Consolidation Properties
    • 9.8 Evaluation of Secondary Settlement
    • Problems
  • Chapter 10 Stress Distribution and Settlement Analysis
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 Settlement Analysis of Shallow Foundations
      • 10.2.1 Components of Settlement
      • 10.2.2 Steps in Settlement Analysis
    • 10.3 Stress Distribution
    • 10.4 Immediate Settlement
    • 10.5 Vertical Effective Overburden and Preconsolidation Stress Profiles
    • 10.6 Settlement Analysis Examples
    • Problems
  • Chapter 11 The Mohr Circle, Failure Theories, and Strength Testing of Soil And Rocks
    • 11.1 Introduction
    • 11.2 Stress at a Point
    • 11.3 Stress-Strain Relationships and Failure Criteria
    • 11.4 The Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
      • 11.4.1 Mohr Failure Theory
      • 11.4.2 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
      • 11.4.3 Obliquity Relations
      • 11.4.4 Failure Criteria for Rock
    • 11.5 Laboratory Tests for the Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks
      • 11.5.1 Direct Shear Test
      • 11.5.2 Triaxial Test
      • 11.5.3 Special Laboratory Soils Tests
      • 11.5.4 Laboratory Tests for Rock Strength
    • 11.6 In Situ Tests for the Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks
      • 11.6.1 Insitu Tests for Shear Strength of Soils
      • 11.6.2 Field Tests for Modulus and Strength of Rocks
    • Problems
  • Chapter 12 An Introduction to Shear Strength of Soils and Rock
    • 12.1 Introduction
    • 12.2 Angle of Repose of Sands
    • 12.3 Behavior of Saturated Sands during Drained Shear
    • 12.4 Effect of Void Ratio and Confining Pressure on Volume Change
    • 12.5 Factors that Affect the Shear Strength of Sands
    • 12.6 Shear Strength of Sands Using In Situ Tests
      • 12.6.1 SPT
      • 12.6.2 CPT
      • 12.6.3 DMT
    • 12.7 The Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest for Sands
    • 12.8 Behavior of Saturated Cohesive Soils during Shear
    • 12.9 Consolidated-Drained Stress-Deformation and Strength Characteristics
      • 12.9.1 Consolidated-Drained (CD) Test Behavior
      • 12.9.2 Typical Values of Drained Strength Parameters for Saturated
      • 12.9.3 Use of CD Strength in Engineering Practice
    • 12.10 Consolidated-Undrained Stress-Deformation and Strength Characteristics
      • 12.10.1 Consolidated-Undrained (CU) Test Behavior
      • 12.10.2 Typical Value of the Undrained Strength Parameters
      • 12.10.3 Use of CU Strength In Engineering Practice
    • 12.11 Unconsolidated-Undrained Stress-Deformation and Strength Characteristics
      • 12.11.1 Unconsolidated-Undrained (UU) Test Behavior
      • 12.11.2 Unconfined Compression Test
      • 12.11.3 Typical Values of UU and UCC Strengths
      • 12.11.4 Other Ways to Determine the Undrained Shear Strength
      • 12.11.5 Use of UU Strength in Engineering Practice
    • 12.12 Sensitivity
    • 12.13 The Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest for Clays
    • 12.14 Strength of Compacted Clays
    • 12.15 Strength of Rocks and Transitional Materials
    • 12.16 Multistage Testing
    • 12.17 Introduction to Pore Pressure Parameters
    • Problems
  • Chapter 13 Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks
    • 13.1 Introduction
    • 13.2 Stress Paths
    • 13.3 Pore Pressure Parameters for Different Stress Paths
    • 13.4 Stress Paths during Undrained Loading - Normally and Lightly Overconsolidated Clays
    • 13.5 Stress Paths during Undrained Loading - Heavily Overconsolidated Clays
    • 13.6 Applications of Stress Paths to Engineering Practice
    • 13.7 Critical State Soil Mechanics
    • 13.8 Modulus and Constitutive Models for Soils
      • 13.8.1 Modulus of Soils
      • 13.8.2 Constitutive Relations
      • 13.8.3 Soil Constitutive Modeling
      • 13.8.4 Failure Criteria for Soils
      • 13.8.5 Classes of Constitutive Models for Soils
      • 13.8.6 The Hyperbolic (Duncan-Chang) Model
    • 13.9 Fundamental Basis of the Drained Strength of Sands
      • 13.9.1 Basics of Frictional Shear Strength
      • 13.9.2 Stress-Dilatancy and Energy Corrections
      • 13.9.3 Curvature of the Mohr Failure Envelope
    • 13.10 Behavior of Saturated Sands in Undrained Shear
      • 13.10.1 Consolidated-Undrained Behavior
      • 13.10.2 Using CD Tests to Predict CU Results
      • 13.10.3 Unconsolidated-Undrained Behavior
      • 13.10.4 Strain Rate Effects in Sands
    • 13.11 Plane Strain Behavior of Sands
    • 13.12 Residual Strength of Soils
      • 13.12.1 Drained Residual Shear Strength of Clays
      • 13.12.2 Residual Shear Strength of Sands
    • 13.13 Stress-Deformation and Shear Strength of Clays: Special Topics
      • 13.13.1 Definition of Failure in CU Effective Stress Tests
      • 13.13.2 Hvorslev Strength Parameters
      • 13.13.3 The tF/sȼVo Ratio, Stress History, and Jürgenson-Rutledge Hypothesis
      • 13.13.4 Consolidation Methods to Overcome Sample Disturbance
      • 13.13.5 Anisotropy
      • 13.13.6 Plane Strain Strength of Clays
      • 13.13.7 Strain Rate Effects
    • 13.14 Strength of Unsaturated Soils
      • 13.14.1 Matric Suction in Unsaturated Soils
      • 13.14.2 The Soil-Water Characteristic Curve
      • 13.14.3 The Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope for Unsaturated Soils
      • 13.14.4 Shear Strength Measurement in Unsaturated Soils
    • 13.15 Properties of Soils under Dynamic Loading
      • 13.15.1 Stress-Strain Response of Cyclically Loaded Soils
      • 13.15.2 Measurement of Dynamic Soil Properties
      • 13.15.3 Empirical Estimates of Gmax, Modulus Reduction, and Damping
      • 13.15.4 Strength of Dynamically Loaded Soils
    • 13.16 Failure Theories for Rock
    • Problems

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