Chapter 1 — National Unity and Diversity and the Languages We Speak

Introduction

Key Questions

Changing Demographics

Immigration

Immigration: A Historical Perspective

Other Demographic Factors

Implications for Teachers

A Changing National Narrative

Unity, Diversity and Language

Language Parochialism

Language Elitism

Language Restrictionism

Implications for Schooling

Restrictions on Bilingual Programs

Outcomes

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

Chapter 2 — Historical and International Perspectives on Language Education

Introduction

Key Questions

Historical Perspectives

The Ancient World

The Modern World

Dual Language Instruction in the United States: A History

The Nineteenth Century

The Twentieth Century

Multilingualism in the U.S.: Looking Forward

Language Planning, Language Policy and Schooling

Language Suppression

Language Revitalization

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

Chapter 3 — Aspects of Language

Introduction

Key Questions

The Study of Language

What Is Language?

Subsystems of Language

The Phonological System

The Morphological System

Syntax

Semantics

Pragmatics

Other Aspects of Communication

Implications for Teachers

Language Attitudes

Are Some Languages Better Than Others?

Are Some Languages More Expressive Than Others?

Language Varieties

Standard

Dialect

Pidgins and Creoles

Register

Is It Slang?

More Than One Language

What Is Bilingualism?

Code-Switching

Bilingualism: A Handicap or a Talent?

The Ebonics Debate

Language Loss

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

Chapter 4 — Language Development

Introduction

Key Questions

First Language Development: Memorizing or Hypothesizing?

Rule Finding

First language Development and Comprehensible Input

Child-Directed Speech

The Social and Cultural Contexts of Language Acquisition

Input Modification

Order of Acquisition

Children as Sociolinguists

Second Language Acquisition

The Effect of Age

The Effect of Personality

The Social Factors

Integrative Models of Second Language Acquisition

The Acquisition-Learning Distinction

Language Learners and Language Speakers Interact

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

Chapter 5 — Dual Language Program Models

Introduction

Key Questions

What Is a Program Model?

Transitional Program Models

What Is the Goal of a Transitional Program?

Transitional Programs: A Lot Better Than Nothing

Maintenance and Enrichment Programs

Immersion Programs

The Results of Immersion: The Canadian Experience

Immersion Programs in the United States

Dual Language Instruction in Private Schools

Bilingual Teachers

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

Chapter 6 — Primary Language Instruction for English Learners

Introduction

A Rationale for Primary Language Instruction

Transfer of Concepts and Skills

How Does Transfer Work?

Primary Language Development and Second Language Acquisition

Students Need to Develop CALP

Effects of Bilingualism on Achievement

Primary Language Instruction and Self-Concept

Overall, What Does the Research Indicate?

If Primary Language Instruction, Then How?

Separation of Languages

Concurrent Translation

Preview-Review

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

Chapter 7 — Second Language Instruction

Introduction

Key Questions

A Note About Terminology

Early Viewpoints on Second Language Instruction

The Search for Alternative Approaches

Modern Approaches to Second Language Instruction

The Audiolingual Approach

Other Recent Approaches

Modifying Instruction for Second Language Learners

Academic Language

Linking Language to Content: A Rationale

Linking Language to Content: How?

Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP)

Literacy and Biliteracy

What is Literacy?

Biliteracy

How Can Teachers Support Biliteracy?

Literacy and the Second Language Learner

How Can Schools Promote Biliteracy?

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

Chapter 8 — Assessment and English Learners

Introduction

Testing Second Language Learners: General Issues

Reliability

Validity

Content Bias

Can You Eliminate Content Bias Using Translation?

Construct Bias

Procedure

Norming

Language Proficiency

What is Language Proficiency?

Models of Language Proficiency

Academic Language Proficiency

How is Language Proficiency Assessed?

Standards-based Language Proficiency Assessment

The Need for Multidimensional Approaches to Assessment

Standardized Achievement Testing

Diagnostic Testing for Placement in Special Programs

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

Chapter 9 — Legal Foundations of Dual Language Instruction

Introduction

Key Questions

The Historical Context for Dual Language Instruction: World War II and Beyond

World War II and Foreign Language Instruction

World War II and Civil Rights

Brown v. the Board of Education (1954)

Who Governs Education?

Federal Involvement in Education

The Bilingual Education Act (Title VII)

Discretionary Funding

Title VII and Policy

Lau v.Nichols (1974)

Interpretation of Lau

Effects of Lau

Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974

No Child Left Behind

NCLB Funding

NCLB Pros and Cons

State Laws Regarding Bilingual Education

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

Chapter 10 — Aspects of Culture

Introduction

What Is Culture?

What Are the Key Characteristics of Culture?

Culture is Dynamic

Culture is Creative

Culture is Continuous

Culture is Learned

Culture is Shared

Culture is a Struggle for Survival

How Is Culture Manifested?

Clothing and Decoration

Housing

Time Orientation

Spatial Orientation

Culture and Language

What is Multicultural Education?

What is the Connection Between Bilingual Education and Multicultural Education?

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

Chapter 11 — Culture, Schooling and Achievement

Introduction

Key Questions

Explaining the Achievement Gap: Four Approaches

Genetic Inferiority

Cultural Deficit

Cultural Mismatch

Contextual Interaction

Status, Power and School Success

Contextual Interaction as a Solution to Differential Achievement

What Teachers Can Do

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

Foundations of Dual Language Instruction, The, 6th edition

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